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@ -21,12 +21,6 @@ Matrix optionally supports end-to-end encryption, allowing rooms to be created
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whose conversation contents is not decryptable or interceptable on any of the
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whose conversation contents is not decryptable or interceptable on any of the
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participating homeservers.
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participating homeservers.
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.. WARNING::
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End to end encryption is being worked on and will be coming soon. This
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section is incomplete. You can read more about what's underway at
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http://matrix.org/speculator/spec/drafts%2Fe2e/client_server/unstable.html#end-to-end-encryption.
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Key Distribution
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Key Distribution
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----------------
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----------------
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Encryption and Authentication in Matrix is based around public-key
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Encryption and Authentication in Matrix is based around public-key
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@ -159,7 +153,7 @@ It is therefore expected that each client will maintain a list of devices for a
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number of users (in practice, typically each user with whom we share an
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number of users (in practice, typically each user with whom we share an
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encrypted room). Furthermore, it is likely that this list will need to be
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encrypted room). Furthermore, it is likely that this list will need to be
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persisted between invocations of the client application (to preserve device
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persisted between invocations of the client application (to preserve device
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verification data and to alert Alice if Bob suddently gets a new
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verification data and to alert Alice if Bob suddenly gets a new
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device).
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device).
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Alice's client can maintain a list of Bob's devices via the following
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Alice's client can maintain a list of Bob's devices via the following
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@ -176,9 +170,10 @@ process:
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flag.
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flag.
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#. During its normal processing of responses to |/sync|_, Alice's client
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#. During its normal processing of responses to |/sync|_, Alice's client
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inspects the |device_lists|_ field. If it is tracking the device lists of
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inspects the ``changed`` property of the |device_lists|_ field. If it is
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any of the listed users, then it marks the device lists for those users
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tracking the device lists of any of the listed users, then it marks the
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outdated, and initiates another request to |/keys/query|_ for them.
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device lists for those users outdated, and initiates another request to
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|/keys/query|_ for them.
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#. Periodically, Alice's client stores the ``next_batch`` field of the result
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#. Periodically, Alice's client stores the ``next_batch`` field of the result
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from |/sync|_ in persistent storage. If Alice later restarts her client, it
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from |/sync|_ in persistent storage. If Alice later restarts her client, it
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@ -214,6 +209,18 @@ process:
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that the first request's results are ignored (possibly by cancelling the
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that the first request's results are ignored (possibly by cancelling the
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request).
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request).
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.. Note::
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When Bob and Alice share a room, with Bob tracking Alice's devices, she may leave
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the room and then add a new device. Bob will not be notified of this change,
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as he doesn't share a room anymore with Alice. When they start sharing a
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room again, Bob has an out-of-date list of Alice's devices. In order to address
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this issue, Bob's homeserver will add Alice's user ID to the ``changed`` property of
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the ``device_lists`` field, thus Bob will update his list of Alice's devices as part
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of his normal processing. Note that Bob can also be notified when he stops sharing
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any room with Alice by inspecting the ``left`` property of the ``device_lists``
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field, and as a result should remove her from its list of tracked users.
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.. |device_lists| replace:: ``device_lists``
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.. |device_lists| replace:: ``device_lists``
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.. _`device_lists`: `device_lists_sync`_
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.. _`device_lists`: `device_lists_sync`_
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@ -228,10 +235,238 @@ A homeserver should rate-limit the number of one-time keys that a given user or
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remote server can claim. A homeserver should discard the public part of a one
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remote server can claim. A homeserver should discard the public part of a one
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time key once it has given that key to another user.
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time key once it has given that key to another user.
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Device verification
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-------------------
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Before Alice sends Bob encrypted data, or trusts data received from him, she
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may want to verify that she is actually communicating with him, rather than a
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man-in-the-middle. This verification process requires an out-of-band channel:
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there is no way to do it within Matrix without trusting the administrators of
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the homeservers.
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In Matrix, the basic process for device verification is for Alice to verify
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that the public Ed25519 signing key she received via ``/keys/query`` for Bob's
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device corresponds to the private key in use by Bob's device. For now, it is
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recommended that clients provide mechanisms by which the user can see:
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1. The public part of their device's Ed25519 signing key, encoded using
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`unpadded Base64`_.
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2. The list of devices in use for each user in a room, along with the public
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Ed25519 signing key for each device, again encoded using unpadded Base64.
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Alice can then meet Bob in person, or contact him via some other trusted
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medium, and ask him to read out the Ed25519 key shown on his device. She
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compares this with the value shown for his device on her client.
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Device verification may reach one of several conclusions. For example:
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* Alice may "accept" the device. This means that she is satisfied that the
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device belongs to Bob. She can then encrypt sensitive material for that
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device, and knows that messages received were sent from that device.
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* Alice may "reject" the device. She will do this if she knows or suspects
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that Bob does not control that device (or equivalently, does not trust
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Bob). She will not send sensitive material to that device, and cannot trust
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messages apparently received from it.
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* Alice may choose to skip the device verification process. She is not able
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to verify that the device actually belongs to Bob, but has no reason to
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suspect otherwise. The encryption protocol continues to protect against
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passive eavesdroppers.
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.. NOTE::
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Once the signing key has been verified, it is then up to the encryption
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protocol to verify that a given message was sent from a device holding that
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Ed25519 private key, or to encrypt a message so that it may only be
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decrypted by such a device. For the Olm protocol, this is documented at
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https://matrix.org/git/olm/about/docs/signing.rst.
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Messaging Algorithms
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--------------------
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Messaging Algorithm Names
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Messaging algorithm names use the extensible naming scheme used throughout this
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specification. Algorithm names that start with ``m.`` are reserved for
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algorithms defined by this specification. Implementations wanting to experiment
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with new algorithms must be uniquely globally namespaced following Java's package
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naming conventions.
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Algorithm names should be short and meaningful, and should list the primitives
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used by the algorithm so that it is easier to see if the algorithm is using a
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broken primitive.
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A name of ``m.olm.v1`` is too short: it gives no information about the primitives
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in use, and is difficult to extend for different primitives. However a name of
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``m.olm.v1.ecdh-curve25519-hdkfsha256.hmacsha256.hkdfsha256-aes256-cbc-hmac64sha256``
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is too long despite giving a more precise description of the algorithm: it adds
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to the data transfer overhead and sacrifices clarity for human readers without
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adding any useful extra information.
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``m.olm.v1.curve25519-aes-sha2``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The name ``m.olm.v1.curve25519-aes-sha2`` corresponds to version 1 of the Olm
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ratchet, as defined by the `Olm specification`_. This uses:
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* Curve25519 for the initial key agreement.
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* HKDF-SHA-256 for ratchet key derivation.
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* Curve25519 for the root key ratchet.
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* HMAC-SHA-256 for the chain key ratchet.
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* HKDF-SHA-256, AES-256 in CBC mode, and 8 byte truncated HMAC-SHA-256 for authenticated encryption.
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Devices that support Olm must include "m.olm.v1.curve25519-aes-sha2" in their
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list of supported messaging algorithms, must list a Curve25519 device key, and
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must publish Curve25519 one-time keys.
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An event encrypted using Olm has the following format:
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.. code:: json
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{
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"type": "m.room.encrypted",
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"content": {
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"algorithm": "m.olm.v1.curve25519-aes-sha2",
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"sender_key": "<sender_curve25519_key>",
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"ciphertext": {
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"<device_curve25519_key>": {
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"type": 0,
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"body": "<encrypted_payload_base_64>"
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}
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}
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}
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}
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``ciphertext`` is a mapping from device Curve25519 key to an encrypted payload
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for that device. ``body`` is a Base64-encoded Olm message body. ``type`` is an
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integer indicating the type of the message body: 0 for the initial pre-key
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message, 1 for ordinary messages.
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Olm sessions will generate messages with a type of 0 until they receive a
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message. Once a session has decrypted a message it will produce messages with
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a type of 1.
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When a client receives a message with a type of 0 it must first check if it
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already has a matching session. If it does then it will use that session to
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try to decrypt the message. If there is no existing session then the client
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must create a new session and use the new session to decrypt the message. A
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client must not persist a session or remove one-time keys used by a session
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until it has successfully decrypted a message using that session.
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Messages with type 1 can only be decrypted with an existing session. If there
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is no matching session, the client must treat this as an invalid message.
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The plaintext payload is of the form:
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.. code:: json
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{
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"type": "<type of the plaintext event>",
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"content": "<content for the plaintext event>",
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"sender": "<sender_user_id>",
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"recipient": "<recipient_user_id>",
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"recipient_keys": {
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"ed25519": "<our_ed25519_key>"
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},
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"keys": {
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"ed25519": "<sender_ed25519_key>"
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}
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}
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The type and content of the plaintext message event are given in the payload.
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Other properties are included in order to prevent an attacker from publishing
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someone else's curve25519 keys as their own and subsequently claiming to have
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sent messages which they didn't.
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``sender`` must correspond to the user who sent the event, ``recipient`` to
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the local user, and ``recipient_keys`` to the local ed25519 key.
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Clients must confirm that the ``sender_key`` and the ``ed25519`` field value
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under the ``keys`` property match the keys returned by |/keys/query|_ for
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the given user, and must also verify the signature of the payload. Without
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this check, a client cannot be sure that the sender device owns the private
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part of the ed25519 key it claims to have in the Olm payload.
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This is crucial when the ed25519 key corresponds to a verified device.
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``m.megolm.v1.aes-sha2``
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The name ``m.megolm.v1.aes-sha2`` corresponds to version 1 of the Megolm
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ratchet, as defined by the `Megolm specification`_. This uses:
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* HMAC-SHA-256 for the hash ratchet.
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* HKDF-SHA-256, AES-256 in CBC mode, and 8 byte truncated HMAC-SHA-256 for authenticated encryption.
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* Ed25519 for message authenticity.
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Devices that support Megolm must support Olm, and include "m.megolm.v1.aes-sha2" in
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their list of supported messaging algorithms.
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An event encrypted using Megolm has the following format:
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.. code:: json
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{
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"type": "m.room.encrypted",
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"content": {
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"algorithm": "m.megolm.v1.aes-sha2",
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"sender_key": "<sender_curve25519_key>",
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"device_id": "<sender_device_id>",
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"session_id": "<outbound_group_session_id>",
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"ciphertext": "<encypted_payload_base_64>"
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}
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}
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The encrypted payload can contain any message event. The plaintext is of the form:
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.. code:: json
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{
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"type": "<event_type>",
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"content": "<event_content>",
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"room_id": "<the room_id>"
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}
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We include the room ID in the payload, because otherwise the homeserver would
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be able to change the room a message was sent in.
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Clients must guard against replay attacks by keeping track of the ratchet indices
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of Megolm sessions. They should reject messages with a ratchet index that they
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have already decrypted. Care should be taken in order to avoid false positives, as a
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client may decrypt the same event twice as part of its normal processing.
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As with Olm events, clients must confirm that the ``sender_key`` belongs to the user
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who sent the message. The same reasoning applies, but the sender ed25519 key has to be
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inferred from the ``keys.ed25519`` property of the event which established the Megolm
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session.
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In order to enable end-to-end encryption in a room, clients can send a
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``m.room.encryption`` state event specifying ``m.megolm.v1.aes-sha2`` as its
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``algorithm`` property.
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When creating a Megolm session in a room, clients must share the corresponding session
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key using Olm with the intended recipients, so that they can decrypt future messages
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encrypted using this session. A ``m.room_key`` event is used to do this. Clients
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must also handle ``m.room_key`` events sent by other devices in order to decrypt their
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messages.
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Protocol definitions
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Protocol definitions
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--------------------
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--------------------
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Events
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~~~~~~
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{{m_room_encryption_event}}
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{{m_room_encrypted_event}}
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{{m_room_key_event}}
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Key management API
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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{{keys_cs_http_api}}
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{{keys_cs_http_api}}
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@ -249,6 +484,9 @@ specified). The client is expected to use |/keys/query|_ or |/keys/changes|_
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for the equivalent functionality after an initial sync, as documented in
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for the equivalent functionality after an initial sync, as documented in
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`Tracking the device list for a user`_.
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`Tracking the device list for a user`_.
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It also adds a ``one_time_keys_count`` property. Note the spelling difference
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with the ``one_time_key_counts`` property in the |/keys/upload|_ response.
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.. todo: generate this from a swagger definition?
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.. todo: generate this from a swagger definition?
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.. device_lists: { changed: ["@user:server", ... ]},
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.. device_lists: { changed: ["@user:server", ... ]},
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@ -258,6 +496,9 @@ Parameter Type Description
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============ =========== =====================================================
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============ =========== =====================================================
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device_lists DeviceLists Optional. Information on e2e device updates. Note:
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device_lists DeviceLists Optional. Information on e2e device updates. Note:
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only present on an incremental sync.
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only present on an incremental sync.
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|device_otk| {string: Optional. For each key algorithm, the number of
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integer} unclaimed one-time keys currently held on the server
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for this device.
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============ =========== =====================================================
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============ =========== =====================================================
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``DeviceLists``
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``DeviceLists``
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@ -265,10 +506,20 @@ device_lists DeviceLists Optional. Information on e2e device updates. Note:
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========= ========= =============================================
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========= ========= =============================================
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Parameter Type Description
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Parameter Type Description
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========= ========= =============================================
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========= ========= =============================================
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changed [string] List of users who have updated their device identity keys
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changed [string] List of users who have updated their device identity keys,
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since the previous sync response.
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or who now share an encrypted room with the client since
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the previous sync response.
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left [string] List of users with whom we do not share any encrypted rooms
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anymore since the previous sync response.
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========= ========= =============================================
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========= ========= =============================================
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.. NOTE::
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For optimal performance, Alice should be added to ``changed`` in Bob's sync only
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when she adds a new device, or when Alice and Bob now share a room but didn't
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share any room previously. However, for the sake of simpler logic, a server
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may add Alice to ``changed`` when Alice and Bob share a new room, even if they
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previously already shared a room.
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Example response:
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Example response:
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@ -281,17 +532,27 @@ Example response:
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"changed": [
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"changed": [
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"@alice:example.com",
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"@alice:example.com",
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],
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],
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"left": [
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"@bob:example.com",
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],
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},
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},
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"device_one_time_keys_count": {
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"curve25519": 10,
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"signed_curve25519": 20
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}
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}
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}
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.. References
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.. References
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.. _ed25519: http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/
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.. _ed25519: http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/
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.. _curve25519: https://cr.yp.to/ecdh.html
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.. _curve25519: https://cr.yp.to/ecdh.html
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.. _`Olm specification`: http://matrix.org/docs/spec/olm.html
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.. _`Megolm specification`: http://matrix.org/docs/spec/megolm.html
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.. _`Signing JSON`: ../appendices.html#signing-json
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.. _`Signing JSON`: ../appendices.html#signing-json
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.. |m.olm.v1.curve25519-aes-sha2| replace:: ``m.olm.v1.curve25519-aes-sha2``
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.. |m.olm.v1.curve25519-aes-sha2| replace:: ``m.olm.v1.curve25519-aes-sha2``
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.. |device_otk| replace:: device_one_time_keys_count
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.. |/keys/upload| replace:: ``/keys/upload``
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.. |/keys/upload| replace:: ``/keys/upload``
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.. _/keys/upload: #post-matrix-client-%CLIENT_MAJOR_VERSION%-keys-upload
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.. _/keys/upload: #post-matrix-client-%CLIENT_MAJOR_VERSION%-keys-upload
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Travis Ralston
6 years ago