tailscale/ipn/ipnlocal/peerapi.go

// Copyright (c) 2021 Tailscale Inc & AUTHORS All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package ipnlocal

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/base64"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"hash/crc32"
	"html"
	"io"
	"io/fs"
	"net"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"path"
	"path/filepath"
	"runtime"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"
	"unicode"
	"unicode/utf8"

	"golang.org/x/net/dns/dnsmessage"
	"inet.af/netaddr"
	"tailscale.com/client/tailscale/apitype"
	"tailscale.com/hostinfo"
	"tailscale.com/ipn"
	"tailscale.com/logtail/backoff"
	"tailscale.com/net/dns/resolver"
	"tailscale.com/net/interfaces"
	"tailscale.com/syncs"
	"tailscale.com/tailcfg"
	"tailscale.com/util/clientmetric"
	"tailscale.com/wgengine"
)

var initListenConfig func(*net.ListenConfig, netaddr.IP, *interfaces.State, string) error

type peerAPIServer struct {
	b          *LocalBackend
	rootDir    string
	tunName    string
	selfNode   *tailcfg.Node
	knownEmpty syncs.AtomicBool
	resolver   *resolver.Resolver

	// directFileMode is whether we're writing files directly to a
	// download directory (as *.partial files), rather than making
	// the frontend retrieve it over localapi HTTP and write it
	// somewhere itself. This is used on GUI macOS version.
	// In directFileMode, the peerapi doesn't do the final rename
	// from "foo.jpg.partial" to "foo.jpg".
	directFileMode bool
}

const (
	// partialSuffix is the suffix appened to files while they're
	// still in the process of being transferred.
	partialSuffix = ".partial"

	// deletedSuffix is the suffix for a deleted marker file
	// that's placed next to a file (without the suffix) that we
	// tried to delete, but Windows wouldn't let us. These are
	// only written on Windows (and in tests), but they're not
	// permitted to be uploaded directly on any platform, like
	// partial files.
	deletedSuffix = ".deleted"
)

func validFilenameRune(r rune) bool {
	switch r {
	case '/':
		return false
	case '\\', ':', '*', '"', '<', '>', '|':
		// Invalid stuff on Windows, but we reject them everywhere
		// for now.
		// TODO(bradfitz): figure out a better plan. We initially just
		// wrote things to disk URL path-escaped, but that's gross
		// when debugging, and just moves the problem to callers.
		// So now we put the UTF-8 filenames on disk directly as
		// sent.
		return false
	}
	return unicode.IsPrint(r)
}

func (s *peerAPIServer) diskPath(baseName string) (fullPath string, ok bool) {
	if !utf8.ValidString(baseName) {
		return "", false
	}
	if strings.TrimSpace(baseName) != baseName {
		return "", false
	}
	if len(baseName) > 255 {
		return "", false
	}
	// TODO: validate unicode normalization form too? Varies by platform.
	clean := path.Clean(baseName)
	if clean != baseName ||
		clean == "." || clean == ".." ||
		strings.HasSuffix(clean, deletedSuffix) ||
		strings.HasSuffix(clean, partialSuffix) {
		return "", false
	}
	for _, r := range baseName {
		if !validFilenameRune(r) {
			return "", false
		}
	}
	return filepath.Join(s.rootDir, baseName), true
}

// hasFilesWaiting reports whether any files are buffered in the
// tailscaled daemon storage.
func (s *peerAPIServer) hasFilesWaiting() bool {
	if s.rootDir == "" || s.directFileMode {
		return false
	}
	if s.knownEmpty.Get() {
		// Optimization: this is usually empty, so avoid opening
		// the directory and checking. We can't cache the actual
		// has-files-or-not values as the macOS/iOS client might
		// in the future use+delete the files directly. So only
		// keep this negative cache.
		return false
	}
	f, err := os.Open(s.rootDir)
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}
	defer f.Close()
	for {
		des, err := f.ReadDir(10)
		for _, de := range des {
			name := de.Name()
			if strings.HasSuffix(name, partialSuffix) {
				continue
			}
			if strings.HasSuffix(name, deletedSuffix) { // for Windows + tests
				// After we're done looping over files, then try
				// to delete this file. Don't do it proactively,
				// as the OS may return "foo.jpg.deleted" before "foo.jpg"
				// and we don't want to delete the ".deleted" file before
				// enumerating to the "foo.jpg" file.
				defer tryDeleteAgain(filepath.Join(s.rootDir, strings.TrimSuffix(name, deletedSuffix)))
				continue
			}
			if de.Type().IsRegular() {
				_, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(s.rootDir, name+deletedSuffix))
				if os.IsNotExist(err) {
					return true
				}
				if err == nil {
					tryDeleteAgain(filepath.Join(s.rootDir, name))
					continue
				}
			}
		}
		if err == io.EOF {
			s.knownEmpty.Set(true)
		}
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
	}
	return false
}

// WaitingFiles returns the list of files that have been sent by a
// peer that are waiting in the buffered "pick up" directory owned by
// the Tailscale daemon.
//
// As a side effect, it also does any lazy deletion of files as
// required by Windows.
func (s *peerAPIServer) WaitingFiles() (ret []apitype.WaitingFile, err error) {
	if s.rootDir == "" {
		return nil, errors.New("peerapi disabled; no storage configured")
	}
	if s.directFileMode {
		return nil, nil
	}
	f, err := os.Open(s.rootDir)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	defer f.Close()
	var deleted map[string]bool // "foo.jpg" => true (if "foo.jpg.deleted" exists)
	for {
		des, err := f.ReadDir(10)
		for _, de := range des {
			name := de.Name()
			if strings.HasSuffix(name, partialSuffix) {
				continue
			}
			if strings.HasSuffix(name, deletedSuffix) { // for Windows + tests
				if deleted == nil {
					deleted = map[string]bool{}
				}
				deleted[strings.TrimSuffix(name, deletedSuffix)] = true
				continue
			}
			if de.Type().IsRegular() {
				fi, err := de.Info()
				if err != nil {
					continue
				}
				ret = append(ret, apitype.WaitingFile{
					Name: filepath.Base(name),
					Size: fi.Size(),
				})
			}
		}
		if err == io.EOF {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}
	if len(deleted) > 0 {
		// Filter out any return values "foo.jpg" where a
		// "foo.jpg.deleted" marker file exists on disk.
		all := ret
		ret = ret[:0]
		for _, wf := range all {
			if !deleted[wf.Name] {
				ret = append(ret, wf)
			}
		}
		// And do some opportunistic deleting while we're here.
		// Maybe Windows is done virus scanning the file we tried
		// to delete a long time ago and will let us delete it now.
		for name := range deleted {
			tryDeleteAgain(filepath.Join(s.rootDir, name))
		}
	}
	sort.Slice(ret, func(i, j int) bool { return ret[i].Name < ret[j].Name })
	return ret, nil
}

// tryDeleteAgain tries to delete path (and path+deletedSuffix) after
// it failed earlier.  This happens on Windows when various anti-virus
// tools hook into filesystem operations and have the file open still
// while we're trying to delete it. In that case we instead mark it as
// deleted (writing a "foo.jpg.deleted" marker file), but then we
// later try to clean them up.
//
// fullPath is the full path to the file without the deleted suffix.
func tryDeleteAgain(fullPath string) {
	if err := os.Remove(fullPath); err == nil || os.IsNotExist(err) {
		os.Remove(fullPath + deletedSuffix)
	}
}

func (s *peerAPIServer) DeleteFile(baseName string) error {
	if s.rootDir == "" {
		return errors.New("peerapi disabled; no storage configured")
	}
	if s.directFileMode {
		return errors.New("deletes not allowed in direct mode")
	}
	path, ok := s.diskPath(baseName)
	if !ok {
		return errors.New("bad filename")
	}
	var bo *backoff.Backoff
	logf := s.b.logf
	t0 := time.Now()
	for {
		err := os.Remove(path)
		if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
			err = redactErr(err)
			// Put a retry loop around deletes on Windows. Windows
			// file descriptor closes are effectively asynchronous,
			// as a bunch of hooks run on/after close, and we can't
			// necessarily delete the file for a while after close,
			// as we need to wait for everybody to be done with
			// it. (on Windows, unlike Unix, a file can't be deleted
			// if it's open anywhere)
			// So try a few times but ultimately just leave a
			// "foo.jpg.deleted" marker file to note that it's
			// deleted and we clean it up later.
			if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
				if bo == nil {
					bo = backoff.NewBackoff("delete-retry", logf, 1*time.Second)
				}
				if time.Since(t0) < 5*time.Second {
					bo.BackOff(context.Background(), err)
					continue
				}
				if err := touchFile(path + deletedSuffix); err != nil {
					logf("peerapi: failed to leave deleted marker: %v", err)
				}
			}
			logf("peerapi: failed to DeleteFile: %v", err)
			return err
		}
		return nil
	}
}

// redacted is a fake path name we use in errors, to avoid
// accidentally logging actual filenames anywhere.
const redacted = "redacted"

func redactErr(err error) error {
	if pe, ok := err.(*os.PathError); ok {
		pe.Path = redacted
	}
	return err
}

func touchFile(path string) error {
	f, err := os.OpenFile(path, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE, 0666)
	if err != nil {
		return redactErr(err)
	}
	return f.Close()
}

func (s *peerAPIServer) OpenFile(baseName string) (rc io.ReadCloser, size int64, err error) {
	if s.rootDir == "" {
		return nil, 0, errors.New("peerapi disabled; no storage configured")
	}
	if s.directFileMode {
		return nil, 0, errors.New("opens not allowed in direct mode")
	}
	path, ok := s.diskPath(baseName)
	if !ok {
		return nil, 0, errors.New("bad filename")
	}
	if fi, err := os.Stat(path + deletedSuffix); err == nil && fi.Mode().IsRegular() {
		tryDeleteAgain(path)
		return nil, 0, &fs.PathError{Op: "open", Path: redacted, Err: fs.ErrNotExist}
	}
	f, err := os.Open(path)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, 0, redactErr(err)
	}
	fi, err := f.Stat()
	if err != nil {
		f.Close()
		return nil, 0, redactErr(err)
	}
	return f, fi.Size(), nil
}

func (s *peerAPIServer) listen(ip netaddr.IP, ifState *interfaces.State) (ln net.Listener, err error) {
	ipStr := ip.String()

	var lc net.ListenConfig
	if initListenConfig != nil {
		// On iOS/macOS, this sets the lc.Control hook to
		// setsockopt the interface index to bind to, to get
		// out of the network sandbox.
		if err := initListenConfig(&lc, ip, ifState, s.tunName); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" || runtime.GOOS == "ios" {
			ipStr = ""
		}
	}

	if wgengine.IsNetstack(s.b.e) {
		ipStr = ""
	}

	tcp4or6 := "tcp4"
	if ip.Is6() {
		tcp4or6 = "tcp6"
	}

	// Make a best effort to pick a deterministic port number for
	// the ip The lower three bytes are the same for IPv4 and IPv6
	// Tailscale addresses (at least currently), so we'll usually
	// get the same port number on both address families for
	// dev/debugging purposes, which is nice. But it's not so
	// deterministic that people will bake this into clients.
	// We try a few times just in case something's already
	// listening on that port (on all interfaces, probably).
	for try := uint8(0); try < 5; try++ {
		a16 := ip.As16()
		hashData := a16[len(a16)-3:]
		hashData[0] += try
		tryPort := (32 << 10) | uint16(crc32.ChecksumIEEE(hashData))
		ln, err = lc.Listen(context.Background(), tcp4or6, net.JoinHostPort(ipStr, strconv.Itoa(int(tryPort))))
		if err == nil {
			return ln, nil
		}
	}
	// Fall back to random ephemeral port.
	return lc.Listen(context.Background(), tcp4or6, net.JoinHostPort(ipStr, "0"))
}

type peerAPIListener struct {
	ps *peerAPIServer
	ip netaddr.IP
	lb *LocalBackend

	// ln is the Listener. It can be nil in netstack mode if there are more than
	// 1 local addresses (e.g. both an IPv4 and IPv6). When it's nil, port
	// and urlStr are still populated.
	ln net.Listener

	// urlStr is the base URL to access the peer API (http://ip:port/).
	urlStr string
	// port is just the port of urlStr.
	port int
}

func (pln *peerAPIListener) Close() error {
	if pln.ln != nil {
		return pln.ln.Close()
	}
	return nil
}

func (pln *peerAPIListener) serve() {
	if pln.ln == nil {
		return
	}
	defer pln.ln.Close()
	logf := pln.lb.logf
	for {
		c, err := pln.ln.Accept()
		if errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
			return
		}
		if err != nil {
			logf("peerapi.Accept: %v", err)
			return
		}
		ta, ok := c.RemoteAddr().(*net.TCPAddr)
		if !ok {
			c.Close()
			logf("peerapi: unexpected RemoteAddr %#v", c.RemoteAddr())
			continue
		}
		ipp, ok := netaddr.FromStdAddr(ta.IP, ta.Port, "")
		if !ok {
			logf("peerapi: bogus TCPAddr %#v", ta)
			c.Close()
			continue
		}
		peerNode, peerUser, ok := pln.lb.WhoIs(ipp)
		if !ok {
			logf("peerapi: unknown peer %v", ipp)
			c.Close()
			continue
		}
		h := &peerAPIHandler{
			ps:         pln.ps,
			isSelf:     pln.ps.selfNode.User == peerNode.User,
			remoteAddr: ipp,
			peerNode:   peerNode,
			peerUser:   peerUser,
		}
		httpServer := &http.Server{
			Handler: h,
		}
		go httpServer.Serve(&oneConnListener{Listener: pln.ln, conn: c})
	}
}

type oneConnListener struct {
	net.Listener
	conn net.Conn
}

func (l *oneConnListener) Accept() (c net.Conn, err error) {
	c = l.conn
	if c == nil {
		err = io.EOF
		return
	}
	err = nil
	l.conn = nil
	return
}

func (l *oneConnListener) Close() error { return nil }

// peerAPIHandler serves the Peer API for a source specific client.
type peerAPIHandler struct {
	ps         *peerAPIServer
	remoteAddr netaddr.IPPort
	isSelf     bool                // whether peerNode is owned by same user as this node
	peerNode   *tailcfg.Node       // peerNode is who's making the request
	peerUser   tailcfg.UserProfile // profile of peerNode
}

func (h *peerAPIHandler) logf(format string, a ...interface{}) {
	h.ps.b.logf("peerapi: "+format, a...)
}

func (h *peerAPIHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	if strings.HasPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/v0/put/") {
		h.handlePeerPut(w, r)
		return
	}
	if strings.HasPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/dns-query") {
		h.handleDNSQuery(w, r)
		return
	}
	switch r.URL.Path {
	case "/v0/goroutines":
		h.handleServeGoroutines(w, r)
		return
	case "/v0/env":
		h.handleServeEnv(w, r)
		return
	case "/v0/metrics":
		h.handleServeMetrics(w, r)
		return
	}
	who := h.peerUser.DisplayName
	fmt.Fprintf(w, `<html>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<body>
<h1>Hello, %s (%v)</h1>
This is my Tailscale device. Your device is %v.
`, html.EscapeString(who), h.remoteAddr.IP(), html.EscapeString(h.peerNode.ComputedName))

	if h.isSelf {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "<p>You are the owner of this node.\n")
	}
}

type incomingFile struct {
	name        string // "foo.jpg"
	started     time.Time
	size        int64     // or -1 if unknown; never 0
	w           io.Writer // underlying writer
	ph          *peerAPIHandler
	partialPath string // non-empty in direct mode

	mu         sync.Mutex
	copied     int64
	done       bool
	lastNotify time.Time
}

func (f *incomingFile) markAndNotifyDone() {
	f.mu.Lock()
	f.done = true
	f.mu.Unlock()
	b := f.ph.ps.b
	b.sendFileNotify()
}

func (f *incomingFile) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	n, err = f.w.Write(p)

	b := f.ph.ps.b
	var needNotify bool
	defer func() {
		if needNotify {
			b.sendFileNotify()
		}
	}()
	if n > 0 {
		f.mu.Lock()
		defer f.mu.Unlock()
		f.copied += int64(n)
		now := time.Now()
		if f.lastNotify.IsZero() || now.Sub(f.lastNotify) > time.Second {
			f.lastNotify = now
			needNotify = true
		}
	}
	return n, err
}

func (f *incomingFile) PartialFile() ipn.PartialFile {
	f.mu.Lock()
	defer f.mu.Unlock()
	return ipn.PartialFile{
		Name:         f.name,
		Started:      f.started,
		DeclaredSize: f.size,
		Received:     f.copied,
		PartialPath:  f.partialPath,
		Done:         f.done,
	}
}

func (h *peerAPIHandler) handlePeerPut(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	if !h.isSelf {
		http.Error(w, "not owner", http.StatusForbidden)
		return
	}
	if !h.ps.b.hasCapFileSharing() {
		http.Error(w, "file sharing not enabled by Tailscale admin", http.StatusForbidden)
		return
	}
	if r.Method != "PUT" {
		http.Error(w, "expected method PUT", http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
		return
	}
	if h.ps.rootDir == "" {
		http.Error(w, "no rootdir", http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}
	rawPath := r.URL.EscapedPath()
	suffix := strings.TrimPrefix(rawPath, "/v0/put/")
	if suffix == rawPath {
		http.Error(w, "misconfigured internals", 500)
		return
	}
	if suffix == "" {
		http.Error(w, "empty filename", 400)
		return
	}
	if strings.Contains(suffix, "/") {
		http.Error(w, "directories not supported", 400)
		return
	}
	baseName, err := url.PathUnescape(suffix)
	if err != nil {
		http.Error(w, "bad path encoding", 400)
		return
	}
	dstFile, ok := h.ps.diskPath(baseName)
	if !ok {
		http.Error(w, "bad filename", 400)
		return
	}
	t0 := time.Now()
	// TODO(bradfitz): prevent same filename being sent by two peers at once
	partialFile := dstFile + partialSuffix
	f, err := os.Create(partialFile)
	if err != nil {
		h.logf("put Create error: %v", redactErr(err))
		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}
	var success bool
	defer func() {
		if !success {
			os.Remove(partialFile)
		}
	}()
	var finalSize int64
	var inFile *incomingFile
	if r.ContentLength != 0 {
		inFile = &incomingFile{
			name:    baseName,
			started: time.Now(),
			size:    r.ContentLength,
			w:       f,
			ph:      h,
		}
		if h.ps.directFileMode {
			inFile.partialPath = partialFile
		}
		h.ps.b.registerIncomingFile(inFile, true)
		defer h.ps.b.registerIncomingFile(inFile, false)
		n, err := io.Copy(inFile, r.Body)
		if err != nil {
			err = redactErr(err)
			f.Close()
			h.logf("put Copy error: %v", err)
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
			return
		}
		finalSize = n
	}
	if err := redactErr(f.Close()); err != nil {
		h.logf("put Close error: %v", err)
		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}
	if h.ps.directFileMode {
		if inFile != nil { // non-zero length; TODO: notify even for zero length
			inFile.markAndNotifyDone()
		}
	} else {
		if err := os.Rename(partialFile, dstFile); err != nil {
			err = redactErr(err)
			h.logf("put final rename: %v", err)
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
			return
		}
	}

	d := time.Since(t0).Round(time.Second / 10)
	h.logf("got put of %s in %v from %v/%v", approxSize(finalSize), d, h.remoteAddr.IP, h.peerNode.ComputedName)

	// TODO: set modtime
	// TODO: some real response
	success = true
	io.WriteString(w, "{}\n")
	h.ps.knownEmpty.Set(false)
	h.ps.b.sendFileNotify()
}

func approxSize(n int64) string {
	if n <= 1<<10 {
		return "<=1KB"
	}
	if n <= 1<<20 {
		return "<=1MB"
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("~%dMB", n>>20)
}

func (h *peerAPIHandler) handleServeGoroutines(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	if !h.isSelf {
		http.Error(w, "not owner", http.StatusForbidden)
		return
	}
	var buf []byte
	for size := 4 << 10; size <= 2<<20; size *= 2 {
		buf = make([]byte, size)
		buf = buf[:runtime.Stack(buf, true)]
		if len(buf) < size {
			break
		}
	}
	w.Write(buf)
}

func (h *peerAPIHandler) handleServeEnv(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	if !h.isSelf {
		http.Error(w, "not owner", http.StatusForbidden)
		return
	}
	var data struct {
		Hostinfo *tailcfg.Hostinfo
		Uid      int
		Args     []string
		Env      []string
	}
	data.Hostinfo = hostinfo.New()
	data.Uid = os.Getuid()
	data.Args = os.Args
	data.Env = os.Environ()

	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(data)
}

func (h *peerAPIHandler) handleServeMetrics(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	if !h.isSelf {
		http.Error(w, "not owner", http.StatusForbidden)
		return
	}
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain")
	clientmetric.WritePrometheusExpositionFormat(w)
}

func (h *peerAPIHandler) replyToDNSQueries() bool {
	// TODO(bradfitz): maybe lock this down more? what if we're an
	// exit node but ACLs don't permit autogroup:internet access
	// from h.peerNode via this node? peerapi bypasses ACL checks,
	// so we should do additional checks here; but on what? this
	// node's UDP port 53? our upstream DNS forwarder IP(s)?
	// For now just offer DNS to any peer if we're an exit node.
	return h.isSelf || h.ps.b.OfferingExitNode()
}

// handleDNSQuery implements a DoH server (RFC 8484) over the peerapi.
// It's not over HTTPS as the spec dictates, but rather HTTP-over-WireGuard.
func (h *peerAPIHandler) handleDNSQuery(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	if h.ps.resolver == nil {
		http.Error(w, "DNS not wired up", http.StatusNotImplemented)
		return
	}
	if !h.replyToDNSQueries() {
		http.Error(w, "DNS access denied", http.StatusForbidden)
		return
	}
	pretty := false // non-DoH debug mode for humans
	q, publicError := dohQuery(r)
	if publicError != "" && r.Method == "GET" {
		if name := r.FormValue("q"); name != "" {
			pretty = true
			publicError = ""
			q = dnsQueryForName(name, r.FormValue("t"))
		}
	}
	if publicError != "" {
		http.Error(w, publicError, http.StatusBadRequest)
		return
	}

	// Some timeout that's short enough to be noticed by humans
	// but long enough that it's longer than real DNS timeouts.
	const arbitraryTimeout = 5 * time.Second

	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(r.Context(), arbitraryTimeout)
	defer cancel()
	res, err := h.ps.resolver.HandleExitNodeDNSQuery(ctx, q, h.remoteAddr)
	if err != nil {
		h.logf("handleDNS fwd error: %v", err)
		if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
			http.Error(w, err.Error(), 500)
		} else {
			http.Error(w, "DNS forwarding error", 500)
		}
		return
	}
	if pretty {
		// Non-standard response for interactive debugging.
		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
		writePrettyDNSReply(w, res)
		return
	}
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/dns-message")
	w.Header().Set("Content-Length", strconv.Itoa(len(q)))
	w.Write(res)
}

func dohQuery(r *http.Request) (dnsQuery []byte, publicErr string) {
	const maxQueryLen = 256 << 10
	switch r.Method {
	default:
		return nil, "bad HTTP method"
	case "GET":
		q64 := r.FormValue("dns")
		if q64 == "" {
			return nil, "missing 'dns' parameter"
		}
		if base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodedLen(len(q64)) > maxQueryLen {
			return nil, "query too large"
		}
		q, err := base64.RawURLEncoding.DecodeString(q64)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, "invalid 'dns' base64 encoding"
		}
		return q, ""
	case "POST":
		if r.Header.Get("Content-Type") != "application/dns-message" {
			return nil, "unexpected Content-Type"
		}
		q, err := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(r.Body, maxQueryLen+1))
		if err != nil {
			return nil, "error reading post body with DNS query"
		}
		if len(q) > maxQueryLen {
			return nil, "query too large"
		}
		return q, ""
	}
}

func dnsQueryForName(name, typStr string) []byte {
	typ := dnsmessage.TypeA
	switch strings.ToLower(typStr) {
	case "aaaa":
		typ = dnsmessage.TypeAAAA
	case "txt":
		typ = dnsmessage.TypeTXT
	}
	b := dnsmessage.NewBuilder(nil, dnsmessage.Header{
		OpCode:           0, // query
		RecursionDesired: true,
		ID:               0,
	})
	if !strings.HasSuffix(name, ".") {
		name += "."
	}
	b.StartQuestions()
	b.Question(dnsmessage.Question{
		Name:  dnsmessage.MustNewName(name),
		Type:  typ,
		Class: dnsmessage.ClassINET,
	})
	msg, _ := b.Finish()
	return msg
}

func writePrettyDNSReply(w io.Writer, res []byte) (err error) {
	defer func() {
		if err != nil {
			j, _ := json.Marshal(struct {
				Error string
			}{err.Error()})
			w.Write(j)
			return
		}
	}()
	var p dnsmessage.Parser
	if _, err := p.Start(res); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := p.SkipAllQuestions(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	var gotIPs []string
	for {
		h, err := p.AnswerHeader()
		if err == dnsmessage.ErrSectionDone {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if h.Class != dnsmessage.ClassINET {
			continue
		}
		switch h.Type {
		case dnsmessage.TypeA:
			r, err := p.AResource()
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			gotIPs = append(gotIPs, net.IP(r.A[:]).String())
		case dnsmessage.TypeAAAA:
			r, err := p.AAAAResource()
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			gotIPs = append(gotIPs, net.IP(r.AAAA[:]).String())
		case dnsmessage.TypeTXT:
			r, err := p.TXTResource()
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			gotIPs = append(gotIPs, r.TXT...)
		}
	}
	j, _ := json.Marshal(gotIPs)
	j = append(j, '\n')
	w.Write(j)
	return nil
}