tailscale-android/cmd/tailscale/main.go

// Copyright (c) 2020 Tailscale Inc & AUTHORS All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package main

import (
	"cmp"
	"context"
	"crypto/rand"
	"crypto/sha1"
	"encoding/hex"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"mime"
	"net"
	"net/http"
	"net/netip"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"sort"
	"strings"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"
	"unsafe"

	"gioui.org/app"
	"gioui.org/io/key"
	"gioui.org/io/system"
	"gioui.org/layout"
	"gioui.org/op"
	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
	"inet.af/netaddr"

	"github.com/tailscale/tailscale-android/cmd/jni"
	"github.com/tailscale/tailscale-android/cmd/localapiservice"

	"tailscale.com/client/tailscale/apitype"
	"tailscale.com/hostinfo"
	"tailscale.com/ipn"
	"tailscale.com/ipn/ipnlocal"
	"tailscale.com/ipn/localapi"
	"tailscale.com/net/dns"
	"tailscale.com/net/interfaces"
	"tailscale.com/net/netns"
	"tailscale.com/paths"
	"tailscale.com/tailcfg"
	"tailscale.com/types/logid"
	"tailscale.com/types/netmap"
	"tailscale.com/wgengine/router"
)

type App struct {
	jvm *jni.JVM
	// appCtx is a global reference to the com.tailscale.ipn.App instance.
	appCtx jni.Object

	store             *stateStore
	logIDPublicAtomic atomic.Pointer[logid.PublicID]

	localAPI *localapiservice.LocalAPIService
	backend  *ipnlocal.LocalBackend

	// netStates receives the most recent network state.
	netStates chan BackendState
	// prefs receives new preferences from the backend.
	prefs chan *ipn.Prefs
	// browseURLs receives URLs when the backend wants to browse.
	browseURLs chan string
	// targetsLoaded receives lists of file targets.
	targetsLoaded chan FileTargets
	// invalidates receives whenever the window should be refreshed.
	invalidates chan struct{}
	// bugReport receives the bug report from the backend's localapi call
	bugReport chan string
}

var (
	// googleClass is a global reference to the com.tailscale.ipn.Google class.
	googleClass jni.Class
)

type FileTargets struct {
	Targets []*apitype.FileTarget
	Err     error
}

type File struct {
	Type     FileType
	Name     string
	Size     int64
	MIMEType string
	// URI of the file, valid if Type is FileTypeURI.
	URI string
	// Text is the content of the file, if Type is FileTypeText.
	Text string
}

// FileSendInfo describes the state of an ongoing file send operation.
type FileSendInfo struct {
	State FileSendState
	// Progress tracks the progress of the transfer from 0.0 to 1.0. Valid
	// only when State is FileSendStarted.
	Progress float64
}

type clientState struct {
	browseURL string
	backend   BackendState
	// query is the search query, in lowercase.
	query string

	Peers []UIPeer
}

type FileType uint8

// FileType constants are known to IPNActivity.java.
const (
	FileTypeText FileType = 1
	FileTypeURI  FileType = 2
)

type ExitStatus uint8

const (
	// No exit node selected.
	ExitNone ExitStatus = iota
	// Exit node selected and exists, but is offline or missing.
	ExitOffline
	// Exit node selected and online.
	ExitOnline
)

type FileSendState uint8

const (
	FileSendNotStarted FileSendState = iota
	FileSendConnecting
	FileSendTransferring
	FileSendComplete
	FileSendFailed
)

type Peer struct {
	Label             string
	Online            bool
	ID                tailcfg.StableNodeID
	Location          *tailcfg.Location
	PreferredExitNode bool
}

type BackendState struct {
	Prefs        *ipn.Prefs
	State        ipn.State
	NetworkMap   *netmap.NetworkMap
	LostInternet bool
	// Exits are the peers that can act as exit node.
	Exits []Peer
	// ExitState describes the state of our exit node.
	ExitStatus ExitStatus
	// Exit is our current exit node, if any.
	Exit Peer
}

// UIEvent is an event flowing from the UI to the backend.
type UIEvent interface{}

type RouteAllEvent struct {
	ID tailcfg.StableNodeID
}

type ConnectEvent struct {
	Enable bool
	SettingsRestoreEvent
}

type CopyEvent struct {
	Text string
}

type SearchEvent struct {
	Query string
}

type OAuth2Event struct {
	Token *tailcfg.Oauth2Token
}

type FileSendEvent struct {
	Target  *apitype.FileTarget
	Context context.Context
	Updates func(FileSendInfo)
}

type SetLoginServerEvent struct {
	URL string
}

type WebAuthEvent struct {
	SettingsRestoreEvent
}

// UIEvent types.
type (
	ReauthEvent       struct{}
	BugEvent          struct{}
	GoogleAuthEvent   struct{}
	LogoutEvent       struct{}
	OSSLicensesEvent  struct{}
	BeExitNodeEvent   bool
	ExitAllowLANEvent bool
)

// RestoreEvent represents an event that might restore user settings persisted across sessions.
type RestoreEvent interface {
	SetURL(url string)
	GetURL() string
	SetExitNodeID(exitNodeID tailcfg.StableNodeID)
	GetExitNodeID() tailcfg.StableNodeID
	SetExitAllowLAN(allowLAN bool)
	GetExitAllowLAN() bool
}

type SettingsRestoreEvent struct {
	// Custom server login URL
	URL          string
	ExitNodeID   tailcfg.StableNodeID
	ExitAllowLAN bool
}

func (e *SettingsRestoreEvent) SetURL(url string) {
	e.URL = url
}
func (e *SettingsRestoreEvent) GetURL() string {
	return e.URL
}
func (e *SettingsRestoreEvent) SetExitNodeID(exitNodeID tailcfg.StableNodeID) {
	e.ExitNodeID = exitNodeID
}
func (e *SettingsRestoreEvent) GetExitNodeID() tailcfg.StableNodeID {
	return e.ExitNodeID
}
func (e *SettingsRestoreEvent) SetExitAllowLAN(allowLAN bool) {
	e.ExitAllowLAN = allowLAN
}
func (e *SettingsRestoreEvent) GetExitAllowLAN() bool {
	return e.ExitAllowLAN
}

// serverOAuthID is the OAuth ID of the tailscale-android server, used
// by GoogleSignInOptions.Builder.requestIdToken.
const serverOAuthID = "744055068597-hv4opg0h7vskq1hv37nq3u26t8c15qk0.apps.googleusercontent.com"

// releaseCertFingerprint is the SHA-1 fingerprint of the Google Play Store signing key.
// It is used to check whether the app is signed for release.
const releaseCertFingerprint = "86:9D:11:8B:63:1E:F8:35:C6:D9:C2:66:53:BC:28:22:2F:B8:C1:AE"

// backendEvents receives events from the UI (Activity, Tile etc.) to the backend.
var backendEvents = make(chan UIEvent)

func main() {
	a := &App{
		jvm:           (*jni.JVM)(unsafe.Pointer(app.JavaVM())),
		appCtx:        jni.Object(app.AppContext()),
		netStates:     make(chan BackendState, 1),
		browseURLs:    make(chan string, 1),
		prefs:         make(chan *ipn.Prefs, 1),
		targetsLoaded: make(chan FileTargets, 1),
		invalidates:   make(chan struct{}, 1),
		bugReport:     make(chan string, 1),
	}

	err := a.loadJNIGlobalClassRefs()
	if err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}

	err = localapiservice.ConfigureLocalApiJNIHandler(a.jvm, a.appCtx)
	if err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}

	a.store = newStateStore(a.jvm, a.appCtx)
	interfaces.RegisterInterfaceGetter(a.getInterfaces)
	go func() {
		ctx := context.Background()
		if err := a.runBackend(ctx); err != nil {
			fatalErr(err)
		}
	}()
	go func() {
		if err := a.runUI(); err != nil {
			fatalErr(err)
		}
	}()
	app.Main()
}

// Loads the global JNI class references.  Failures here are fatal if the
// class ref is required for the app to function.
func (a *App) loadJNIGlobalClassRefs() error {
	return jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		loader := jni.ClassLoaderFor(env, a.appCtx)
		cl, err := jni.LoadClass(env, loader, "com.tailscale.ipn.Google")
		if err != nil {
			// Ignore load errors; the Google class is not included in F-Droid builds.
			return nil
		}
		googleClass = jni.Class(jni.NewGlobalRef(env, jni.Object(cl)))
		return nil
	})
}

func (a *App) runBackend(ctx context.Context) error {
	appDir, err := app.DataDir()
	if err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}
	paths.AppSharedDir.Store(appDir)
	hostinfo.SetOSVersion(a.osVersion())
	if !googleSignInEnabled() {
		hostinfo.SetPackage("nogoogle")
	}
	deviceModel := a.modelName()
	if a.isChromeOS() {
		deviceModel = "ChromeOS: " + deviceModel
	}
	hostinfo.SetDeviceModel(deviceModel)

	type configPair struct {
		rcfg *router.Config
		dcfg *dns.OSConfig
	}
	configs := make(chan configPair)
	configErrs := make(chan error)
	b, err := newBackend(appDir, a.jvm, a.appCtx, a.store, func(rcfg *router.Config, dcfg *dns.OSConfig) error {
		if rcfg == nil {
			return nil
		}
		configs <- configPair{rcfg, dcfg}
		return <-configErrs
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	a.logIDPublicAtomic.Store(&b.logIDPublic)
	a.backend = b.backend
	defer b.CloseTUNs()

	h := localapi.NewHandler(b.backend, log.Printf, b.sys.NetMon.Get(), *a.logIDPublicAtomic.Load())
	h.PermitRead = true
	h.PermitWrite = true
	a.localAPI = localapiservice.New(h)

	// Share the localAPI with the JNI shim
	localapiservice.SetLocalAPIService(a.localAPI)

	// Contrary to the documentation for VpnService.Builder.addDnsServer,
	// ChromeOS doesn't fall back to the underlying network nameservers if
	// we don't provide any.
	b.avoidEmptyDNS = a.isChromeOS()

	var timer *time.Timer
	var alarmChan <-chan time.Time
	alarm := func(t *time.Timer) {
		if timer != nil {
			timer.Stop()
		}
		timer = t
		if timer != nil {
			alarmChan = timer.C
		}
	}
	notifications := make(chan ipn.Notify, 1)
	startErr := make(chan error)
	// Start from a goroutine to avoid deadlock when Start
	// calls the callback.
	go func() {
		startErr <- b.Start(func(n ipn.Notify) {
			notifications <- n
		})
	}()
	var (
		cfg       configPair
		state     BackendState
		service   jni.Object // of IPNService
		signingIn bool
	)
	var (
		waitingFilesDone = make(chan struct{})
		waitingFiles     bool
		processingFiles  bool
	)
	processFiles := func() {
		if !waitingFiles || processingFiles {
			return
		}
		processingFiles = true
		waitingFiles = false
		go func() {
			if err := a.processWaitingFiles(b.backend); err != nil {
				log.Printf("processWaitingFiles: %v", err)
			}
			waitingFilesDone <- struct{}{}
		}()
	}
	for {
		select {
		case err := <-startErr:
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		case <-waitingFilesDone:
			processingFiles = false
			processFiles()
		case s := <-configs:
			cfg = s
			if b == nil || service == 0 || cfg.rcfg == nil {
				configErrs <- nil
				break
			}
			configErrs <- b.updateTUN(service, cfg.rcfg, cfg.dcfg)
		case n := <-notifications:
			exitWasOnline := state.ExitStatus == ExitOnline
			if p := n.Prefs; p != nil && n.Prefs.Valid() {
				state.Prefs = p.AsStruct()
				state.updateExitNodes()
				a.setPrefs(state.Prefs)
			}
			first := state.Prefs == nil
			if first {
				state.Prefs = ipn.NewPrefs()
				state.Prefs.Hostname = a.hostname()
				go b.backend.SetPrefs(state.Prefs)
				a.setPrefs(state.Prefs)
			}
			if s := n.State; s != nil {
				oldState := state.State
				state.State = *s
				if service != 0 {
					if cfg.rcfg != nil && state.State >= ipn.Starting {
						if err := b.updateTUN(service, cfg.rcfg, cfg.dcfg); err != nil {
							if errors.Is(err, errMultipleUsers) {
								a.pushNotify(service, "Multiple Users", multipleUsersText)
							}
							log.Printf("VPN update failed: %v", err)
							notifyVPNClosed()
						}
					} else {
						b.CloseTUNs()
					}
				}
				// Stop VPN if we logged out.
				if oldState > ipn.Stopped && state.State <= ipn.Stopped {
					if err := a.callVoidMethod(a.appCtx, "stopVPN", "()V"); err != nil {
						fatalErr(err)
					}
				}
				a.notify(state)
				if service != 0 {
					a.updateNotification(service, state.State, state.ExitStatus, state.Exit)
				}
			}
			if u := n.BrowseToURL; u != nil {
				signingIn = false
				a.setURL(*u)
			}
			if m := n.NetMap; m != nil {
				state.NetworkMap = m
				state.updateExitNodes()
				a.notify(state)
				if service != 0 {
					alarm(a.notifyExpiry(service, m.Expiry))
				}
			}
			// Notify if a previously online exit is not longer online (or missing).
			if service != 0 && exitWasOnline && state.ExitStatus == ExitOffline {
				a.pushNotify(service, "Connection Lost", "Your exit node is offline. Disable your exit node or contact your network admin for help.")
			}
			targets, err := b.backend.FileTargets()
			if err != nil {
				// Construct a user-visible error message.
				if b.backend.State() != ipn.Running {
					err = fmt.Errorf("Not connected to tailscale")
				} else {
					err = fmt.Errorf("Failed to load device list")
				}
			}
			a.targetsLoaded <- FileTargets{targets, err}
			waitingFiles = n.FilesWaiting != nil
			processFiles()
		case <-onWriteStorageGranted:
			processFiles()
		case <-alarmChan:
			if m := state.NetworkMap; m != nil && service != 0 {
				alarm(a.notifyExpiry(service, m.Expiry))
			}
		case e := <-backendEvents:
			switch e := e.(type) {
			case BugEvent:
				backendLogIDStr := a.logIDPublicAtomic.Load().String()
				fallbackLog := fmt.Sprintf("BUG-%v-%v-%v", backendLogIDStr, time.Now().UTC().Format("20060102150405Z"), randHex(8))
				a.localAPI.GetBugReportID(ctx, a.bugReport, fallbackLog)
			case OAuth2Event:
				go b.backend.Login(e.Token)
			case BeExitNodeEvent:
				state.Prefs.SetAdvertiseExitNode(bool(e))
				go b.backend.SetPrefs(state.Prefs)
			case ExitAllowLANEvent:
				state.Prefs.ExitNodeAllowLANAccess = bool(e)
				a.store.WriteBool(exitAllowLANPrefKey, true)
				go b.backend.SetPrefs(state.Prefs)
			case WebAuthEvent:
				if !signingIn {
					setCustomServer, setExitNode, setAllowLANAccess := a.restoreSettings(&e, state, service)
					signingIn = true
					go func() {
						if setCustomServer || setExitNode || setAllowLANAccess {
							b.backend.SetPrefs(state.Prefs)
						}
						if setCustomServer {
							// Need to restart to force the login URL to be regenerated
							// with the new control URL. Start from a goroutine to avoid
							// deadlock.
							err := b.backend.Start(ipn.Options{})
							if err != nil {
								fatalErr(err)
							}
						}
						b.backend.StartLoginInteractive()
					}()
				}
			case SetLoginServerEvent:
				state.Prefs.ControlURL = e.URL
				a.store.WriteString(customLoginServerPrefKey, e.URL)
				b.backend.SetPrefs(state.Prefs)
				// Need to restart to force the login URL to be regenerated
				// with the new control URL. Start from a goroutine to avoid
				// deadlock.
				go func() {
					err := b.backend.Start(ipn.Options{})
					if err != nil {
						fatalErr(err)
					}
				}()
			case LogoutEvent:
				go a.localAPI.Logout(ctx, a.backend)
			case ConnectEvent:
				first := state.Prefs == nil
				// A ConnectEvent might be sent before the first notification
				// arrives, such as in the case of Always-on VPN.
				if first {
					state.Prefs = ipn.NewPrefs()
				}
				state.Prefs.WantRunning = e.Enable
				setCustomServer, _, _ := a.restoreSettings(&e, state, service)
				go func() {
					b.backend.SetPrefs(state.Prefs)
					if setCustomServer {
						// Need to restart to force the login URL to be regenerated
						// with the new control URL. Start from a goroutine to avoid
						// deadlock.
						err := b.backend.Start(ipn.Options{})
						if err != nil {
							fatalErr(err)
						}
					}
				}()
			case RouteAllEvent:
				state.Prefs.ExitNodeID = e.ID
				go b.backend.SetPrefs(state.Prefs)
				a.store.WriteString(exitNodePrefKey, string(e.ID))
				state.updateExitNodes()
				a.notify(state)
				if service != 0 {
					a.updateNotification(service, state.State, state.ExitStatus, state.Exit)
				}
			}
		case s := <-onVPNRequested:
			jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
				if jni.IsSameObject(env, s, service) {
					// We already have a reference.
					jni.DeleteGlobalRef(env, s)
					return nil
				}
				if service != 0 {
					jni.DeleteGlobalRef(env, service)
				}
				netns.SetAndroidProtectFunc(func(fd int) error {
					return jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
						// Call https://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/VpnService#protect(int)
						// to mark fd as a socket that should bypass the VPN and use the underlying network.
						cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, s)
						m := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "protect", "(I)Z")
						ok, err := jni.CallBooleanMethod(env, s, m, jni.Value(fd))
						// TODO(bradfitz): return an error back up to netns if this fails, once
						// we've had some experience with this and analyzed the logs over a wide
						// range of Android phones. For now we're being paranoid and conservative
						// and do the JNI call to protect best effort, only logging if it fails.
						// The risk of returning an error is that it breaks users on some Android
						// versions even when they're not using exit nodes. I'd rather the
						// relatively few number of exit node users file bug reports if Tailscale
						// doesn't work and then we can look for this log print.
						if err != nil || !ok {
							log.Printf("[unexpected] VpnService.protect(%d) = %v, %v", fd, ok, err)
						}
						return nil // even on error. see big TODO above.
					})
				})
				log.Printf("onVPNRequested: rebind required")
				// TODO(catzkorn): When we start the android application
				// we bind sockets before we have access to the VpnService.protect()
				// function which is needed to avoid routing loops. When we activate
				// the service we get access to the protect, but do not retrospectively
				// protect the sockets already opened, which breaks connectivity.
				// As a temporary fix, we rebind and protect the magicsock.Conn on connect
				// which restores connectivity.
				// See https://github.com/tailscale/corp/issues/13814
				b.backend.DebugRebind()

				service = s
				return nil
			})
			a.updateNotification(service, state.State, state.ExitStatus, state.Exit)
			if m := state.NetworkMap; m != nil {
				alarm(a.notifyExpiry(service, m.Expiry))
			}
			if cfg.rcfg != nil && state.State >= ipn.Starting {
				if err := b.updateTUN(service, cfg.rcfg, cfg.dcfg); err != nil {
					log.Printf("VPN update failed: %v", err)
					notifyVPNClosed()
				}
			}
		case s := <-onDisconnect:
			b.CloseTUNs()
			jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
				defer jni.DeleteGlobalRef(env, s)
				if jni.IsSameObject(env, service, s) {
					netns.SetAndroidProtectFunc(nil)
					jni.DeleteGlobalRef(env, service)
					service = 0
				}
				return nil
			})
			if state.State >= ipn.Starting {
				notifyVPNClosed()
			}
		case <-onDNSConfigChanged:
			if b != nil {
				go b.NetworkChanged()
			}
			a.notify(state)
		}
	}
}

func (a *App) restoreSettings(e RestoreEvent, state BackendState, service jni.Object) (bool, bool, bool) {
	var setCustomServer bool
	var setExitNode bool
	var setAllowLANAccess bool
	if URL := e.GetURL(); URL != "" {
		state.Prefs.ControlURL = URL
		setCustomServer = true
	}
	if nodeID := e.GetExitNodeID(); nodeID != "" {
		state.Prefs.ExitNodeID = nodeID
		state.updateExitNodes()
		a.notify(state)
		if service != 0 {
			a.updateNotification(service, state.State, state.ExitStatus, state.Exit)
		}
		setExitNode = true
	}
	if e.GetExitAllowLAN() {
		state.Prefs.ExitNodeAllowLANAccess = true
	}
	return setCustomServer, setExitNode, setAllowLANAccess
}

func (a *App) processWaitingFiles(b *ipnlocal.LocalBackend) error {
	files, err := b.WaitingFiles()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	var aerr error
	for _, f := range files {
		if err := a.downloadFile(b, f); err != nil && aerr == nil {
			aerr = err
		}
	}
	return aerr
}

func (a *App) downloadFile(b *ipnlocal.LocalBackend, f apitype.WaitingFile) (cerr error) {
	in, _, err := b.OpenFile(f.Name)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer in.Close()
	ext := filepath.Ext(f.Name)
	mimeType := mime.TypeByExtension(ext)
	var mediaURI string
	err = jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, a.appCtx)
		insertMedia := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "insertMedia", "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/String;")
		jname := jni.JavaString(env, f.Name)
		jmime := jni.JavaString(env, mimeType)
		uri, err := jni.CallObjectMethod(env, a.appCtx, insertMedia, jni.Value(jname), jni.Value(jmime))
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		mediaURI = jni.GoString(env, jni.String(uri))
		return nil
	})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("insertMedia: %w", err)
	}
	deleteURI := func(uri string) error {
		return jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
			cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, a.appCtx)
			m := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "deleteUri", "(Ljava/lang/String;)V")
			juri := jni.JavaString(env, uri)
			return jni.CallVoidMethod(env, a.appCtx, m, jni.Value(juri))
		})
	}
	out, err := a.openURI(mediaURI, "w")
	if err != nil {
		deleteURI(mediaURI)
		return fmt.Errorf("openUri: %w", err)
	}
	if _, err := io.Copy(out, in); err != nil {
		deleteURI(mediaURI)
		return fmt.Errorf("copy: %w", err)
	}
	if err := out.Close(); err != nil {
		deleteURI(mediaURI)
		return fmt.Errorf("close: %w", err)
	}
	if err := a.notifyFile(mediaURI, f.Name); err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}
	return b.DeleteFile(f.Name)
}

// openURI calls a.appCtx.getContentResolver().openFileDescriptor on uri and
// mode and returns the detached file descriptor.
func (a *App) openURI(uri, mode string) (*os.File, error) {
	var f *os.File
	err := jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, a.appCtx)
		openURI := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "openUri", "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)I")
		juri := jni.JavaString(env, uri)
		jmode := jni.JavaString(env, mode)
		fd, err := jni.CallIntMethod(env, a.appCtx, openURI, jni.Value(juri), jni.Value(jmode))
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		f = os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), "media-store")
		return nil
	})
	return f, err
}

func (a *App) isChromeOS() bool {
	var chromeOS bool
	err := jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, a.appCtx)
		m := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "isChromeOS", "()Z")
		b, err := jni.CallBooleanMethod(env, a.appCtx, m)
		chromeOS = b
		return err
	})
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	return chromeOS
}

func (s *BackendState) updateExitNodes() {
	s.ExitStatus = ExitNone
	var exitID tailcfg.StableNodeID
	if p := s.Prefs; p != nil {
		exitID = p.ExitNodeID
		if exitID != "" {
			s.ExitStatus = ExitOffline
		}
	}
	hasMyExit := exitID == ""
	s.Exits = nil
	var peers []tailcfg.NodeView
	if s.NetworkMap != nil {
		peers = s.NetworkMap.Peers
	}
	for _, p := range peers {
		canRoute := false
		for i := range p.AllowedIPs().Len() {
			r := p.AllowedIPs().At(i)
			if r == netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0") || r == netip.MustParsePrefix("::/0") {
				canRoute = true
				break
			}
		}
		myExit := p.StableID() == exitID
		hasMyExit = hasMyExit || myExit
		exit := Peer{
			Label:    p.DisplayName(true),
			Online:   canRoute,
			ID:       p.StableID(),
			Location: p.Hostinfo().Location(),
		}

		if exit.Location != nil {
			// We want to shorten what the users sees here,
			// so override the display name with the computed
			// name.
			exit.Label = p.ComputedName()
		}

		if myExit {
			s.Exit = exit
			if canRoute {
				s.ExitStatus = ExitOnline
			}
		}
		if canRoute || myExit {
			s.Exits = append(s.Exits, exit)
		}
	}

	locationBasedExitPeersMap := make(map[string]Peer)
	var nonLocationBasedExitPeers []Peer
	var allLocationBasedExitPeers []Peer
	for _, peer := range s.Exits {
		if peer.Location != nil {
			countryCityLocation, ok := locationBasedExitPeersMap[fmt.Sprintf("%s (%s)", peer.Location.Country, peer.Location.City)]
			if !ok {
				// If we have not seen the country/city combination, add it to the
				// map.
				locationBasedExitPeersMap[fmt.Sprintf("%s (%s)", peer.Location.Country, peer.Location.City)] = peer
				continue
			}

			if countryCityLocation.Location.Priority < peer.Location.Priority {
				// If the priority for the location based exit node is higher than
				// the current option, replace it.
				locationBasedExitPeersMap[fmt.Sprintf("%s (%s)", peer.Location.Country, peer.Location.City)] = peer
			}

			allLocationBasedExitPeers = append(allLocationBasedExitPeers, peer)
			continue
		}
		nonLocationBasedExitPeers = append(nonLocationBasedExitPeers, peer)
	}

	// We want to order the exit nodes to be display to the user in
	// the order of non location based exit nodes, the best exit
	// node per location, and then all of the location based exit nodes.

	// Non location based exit nodes.
	s.Exits = nonLocationBasedExitPeers
	sort.Slice(s.Exits, func(i, j int) bool {
		return s.Exits[i].Label < s.Exits[j].Label
	})

	// Best location based exit nodes
	locationBasedExitPeersMapValues := maps.Values(locationBasedExitPeersMap)
	if len(locationBasedExitPeersMapValues) > 0 {
		var preferredLocationBasedExitPeers []Peer
		for _, peer := range locationBasedExitPeersMapValues {
			peerCopy := peer
			peerCopy.PreferredExitNode = true
			peerCopy.Label = fmt.Sprintf("%s - %s (%s)", peerCopy.Location.Country, peerCopy.Location.City, peerCopy.Label)

			preferredLocationBasedExitPeers = append(preferredLocationBasedExitPeers, peerCopy)
		}

		sort.Slice(preferredLocationBasedExitPeers, func(i, j int) bool {
			// Sort the order by country, and cities.
			res := cmp.Compare(preferredLocationBasedExitPeers[i].Location.Country, preferredLocationBasedExitPeers[j].Location.Country)

			switch res {
			case -1:
				return true
			case 1:
				return false
			default:
				// If the two peers have the same country, sort by city.
				return preferredLocationBasedExitPeers[i].Location.City < preferredLocationBasedExitPeers[j].Location.City
			}
		})
		s.Exits = append(s.Exits, preferredLocationBasedExitPeers...)
	}

	if len(allLocationBasedExitPeers) > 0 {
		// All location based exit nodes at the end.
		sort.Slice(allLocationBasedExitPeers, func(i, j int) bool {
			// Sort the order by label
			return allLocationBasedExitPeers[i].Label < allLocationBasedExitPeers[j].Label
		})
		s.Exits = append(s.Exits, allLocationBasedExitPeers...)
	}

	if !hasMyExit {
		// Insert node missing from netmap.
		s.Exit = Peer{Label: "Unknown device", ID: exitID}
		s.Exits = append([]Peer{s.Exit}, s.Exits...)
	}
}

// hostname builds a hostname from android.os.Build fields, in place of a
// useless os.Hostname().
func (a *App) hostname() string {
	var hostname string
	err := jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, a.appCtx)
		getHostname := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "getHostname", "()Ljava/lang/String;")
		n, err := jni.CallObjectMethod(env, a.appCtx, getHostname)
		hostname = jni.GoString(env, jni.String(n))
		return err
	})
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	return hostname
}

// osVersion returns android.os.Build.VERSION.RELEASE. " [nogoogle]" is appended
// if Google Play services are not compiled in.
func (a *App) osVersion() string {
	var version string
	err := jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, a.appCtx)
		m := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "getOSVersion", "()Ljava/lang/String;")
		n, err := jni.CallObjectMethod(env, a.appCtx, m)
		version = jni.GoString(env, jni.String(n))
		return err
	})
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	return version
}

// modelName return the MANUFACTURER + MODEL from
// android.os.Build.
func (a *App) modelName() string {
	var model string
	err := jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, a.appCtx)
		m := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "getModelName", "()Ljava/lang/String;")
		n, err := jni.CallObjectMethod(env, a.appCtx, m)
		model = jni.GoString(env, jni.String(n))
		return err
	})
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	return model
}

func googleSignInEnabled() bool {
	return googleClass != 0
}

// updateNotification updates the foreground persistent status notification.
func (a *App) updateNotification(service jni.Object, state ipn.State, exitStatus ExitStatus, exit Peer) error {
	var msg, title string
	switch state {
	case ipn.Starting:
		title, msg = "Connecting...", ""
	case ipn.Running:
		title = "Connected"
		switch exitStatus {
		case ExitOnline:
			msg = fmt.Sprintf("Exit node: %s", exit.Label)
		default:
			msg = ""
		}
	default:
		return nil
	}
	return jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, service)
		update := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "updateStatusNotification", "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)V")
		jtitle := jni.JavaString(env, title)
		jmessage := jni.JavaString(env, msg)
		return jni.CallVoidMethod(env, service, update, jni.Value(jtitle), jni.Value(jmessage))
	})
}

// notifyExpiry notifies the user of imminent session expiry and
// returns a new timer that triggers when the user should be notified
// again.
func (a *App) notifyExpiry(service jni.Object, expiry time.Time) *time.Timer {
	if expiry.IsZero() {
		return nil
	}
	d := time.Until(expiry)
	var title string
	const msg = "Reauthenticate to maintain the connection to your network."
	var t *time.Timer
	const (
		aday = 24 * time.Hour
		soon = 5 * time.Minute
	)
	switch {
	case d <= 0:
		title = "Your authentication has expired!"
	case d <= soon:
		title = "Your authentication expires soon!"
		t = time.NewTimer(d)
	case d <= aday:
		title = "Your authentication expires in a day."
		t = time.NewTimer(d - soon)
	default:
		return time.NewTimer(d - aday)
	}
	if err := a.pushNotify(service, title, msg); err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}
	return t
}

func (a *App) notifyFile(uri, msg string) error {
	return jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, a.appCtx)
		notify := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "notifyFile", "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)V")
		juri := jni.JavaString(env, uri)
		jmsg := jni.JavaString(env, msg)
		return jni.CallVoidMethod(env, a.appCtx, notify, jni.Value(juri), jni.Value(jmsg))
	})
}

func (a *App) pushNotify(service jni.Object, title, msg string) error {
	return jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, service)
		notify := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "notify", "(Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)V")
		jtitle := jni.JavaString(env, title)
		jmessage := jni.JavaString(env, msg)
		return jni.CallVoidMethod(env, service, notify, jni.Value(jtitle), jni.Value(jmessage))
	})
}

func (a *App) notify(state BackendState) {
	select {
	case <-a.netStates:
	default:
	}
	a.netStates <- state
	ready := jni.Bool(state.State >= ipn.Stopped)
	if err := a.callVoidMethod(a.appCtx, "setTileReady", "(Z)V", jni.Value(ready)); err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}
}

func (a *App) setPrefs(prefs *ipn.Prefs) {
	wantRunning := jni.Bool(prefs.WantRunning)
	if err := a.callVoidMethod(a.appCtx, "setTileStatus", "(Z)V", jni.Value(wantRunning)); err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}
	select {
	case <-a.prefs:
	default:
	}
	a.prefs <- prefs
}

func (a *App) setURL(url string) {
	select {
	case <-a.browseURLs:
	default:
	}
	a.browseURLs <- url
}

func (a *App) runUI() error {
	w := app.NewWindow()
	ui, err := newUI(a.store)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	var ops op.Ops
	state := new(clientState)
	var (
		// activity is the most recent Android Activity reference as reported
		// by Gio ViewEvents.
		activity jni.Object
		// files is list of files from the most recent file sharing intent.
		files []File
	)
	deleteActivityRef := func() {
		if activity == 0 {
			return
		}
		jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
			jni.DeleteGlobalRef(env, activity)
			return nil
		})
		activity = 0
	}
	defer deleteActivityRef()
	for {
		select {
		case <-onVPNClosed:
			requestBackend(ConnectEvent{Enable: false})
		case tok := <-onGoogleToken:
			ui.signinType = noSignin
			if tok != "" {
				requestBackend(OAuth2Event{
					Token: &tailcfg.Oauth2Token{
						AccessToken: tok,
						TokenType:   ipn.GoogleIDTokenType,
					},
				})
			} else {
				// Warn about possible debug certificate.
				if !a.isReleaseSigned() {
					ui.ShowMessage("Google Sign-In failed because the app is not signed for Play Store")
					w.Invalidate()
				}
			}
		case p := <-a.prefs:
			ui.enabled.Value = p.WantRunning
			ui.runningExit = p.AdvertisesExitNode()
			ui.exitLAN.Value = p.ExitNodeAllowLANAccess
			w.Invalidate()
		case url := <-a.browseURLs:
			ui.signinType = noSignin
			if a.isTV() {
				ui.ShowQRCode(url)
			} else {
				state.browseURL = url
			}
			w.Invalidate()
			a.updateState(activity, state)
		case newState := <-a.netStates:
			oldState := state.backend.State
			state.backend = newState
			a.updateState(activity, state)
			w.Invalidate()
			if activity != 0 {
				newState := state.backend.State
				// Start VPN if we just logged in.
				if oldState <= ipn.Stopped && newState > ipn.Stopped {
					if err := a.prepareVPN(activity); err != nil {
						fatalErr(err)
					}
				}
			}
		case <-onVPNPrepared:
			if state.backend.State > ipn.Stopped {
				if err := a.callVoidMethod(a.appCtx, "startVPN", "()V"); err != nil {
					return err
				}
				if activity != 0 {
					if err := a.callVoidMethod(a.appCtx, "requestWriteStoragePermission", "(Landroid/app/Activity;)V", jni.Value(activity)); err != nil {
						return err
					}
				}
			}
		case <-onVPNRevoked:
			ui.ShowMessage("VPN access denied or another VPN service is always-on")
			w.Invalidate()
		case files = <-onFileShare:
			ui.ShowShareDialog()
			w.Invalidate()
		case t := <-a.targetsLoaded:
			ui.FillShareDialog(t.Targets, t.Err)
			w.Invalidate()
		case <-a.invalidates:
			w.Invalidate()
		case e := <-w.Events():
			switch e := e.(type) {
			case app.ViewEvent:
				deleteActivityRef()
				view := jni.Object(e.View)
				if view == 0 {
					break
				}
				activity = a.contextForView(view)
				w.Invalidate()
				a.attachPeer(activity)
				if state.backend.State > ipn.Stopped {
					if err := a.prepareVPN(activity); err != nil {
						return err
					}
				}
			case system.DestroyEvent:
				return e.Err
			case key.Event:
				if e.Name == key.NameBack {
					if ui.onBack() {
						w.Invalidate()
					}
				}
			case system.FrameEvent:
				ins := e.Insets
				e.Insets = system.Insets{}
				gtx := layout.NewContext(&ops, e)
				events := ui.layout(gtx, ins, state)
				e.Frame(gtx.Ops)
				a.processUIEvents(w, events, activity, state, files)
			}
		}
	}
}

func (a *App) isTV() bool {
	var istv bool
	err := jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, a.appCtx)
		m := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "isTV", "()Z")
		b, err := jni.CallBooleanMethod(env, a.appCtx, m)
		istv = b
		return err
	})
	if err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}
	return istv
}

// isReleaseSigned reports whether the app is signed with a release
// signature.
func (a *App) isReleaseSigned() bool {
	var cert []byte
	err := jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, a.appCtx)
		m := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "getPackageCertificate", "()[B")
		str, err := jni.CallObjectMethod(env, a.appCtx, m)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		cert = jni.GetByteArrayElements(env, jni.ByteArray(str))
		return nil
	})
	if err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}
	h := sha1.New()
	h.Write(cert)
	fingerprint := h.Sum(nil)
	hex := fmt.Sprintf("%x", fingerprint)
	// Strip colons and convert to lower case to ease comparing.
	wantFingerprint := strings.ReplaceAll(strings.ToLower(releaseCertFingerprint), ":", "")
	return hex == wantFingerprint
}

// attachPeer registers an Android Fragment instance for
// handling onActivityResult callbacks.
func (a *App) attachPeer(act jni.Object) {
	err := a.callVoidMethod(a.appCtx, "attachPeer", "(Landroid/app/Activity;)V", jni.Value(act))
	if err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}
}

func (a *App) updateState(act jni.Object, state *clientState) {
	if act != 0 && state.browseURL != "" {
		a.browseToURL(act, state.browseURL)
		state.browseURL = ""
	}

	netmap := state.backend.NetworkMap
	var (
		peers []tailcfg.NodeView
		myID  tailcfg.UserID
	)
	if netmap != nil {
		peers = netmap.Peers
		myID = netmap.User()
	}
	// Split into sections.
	users := make(map[tailcfg.UserID]struct{})
	var uiPeers []UIPeer
	for _, p := range peers {
		if p.Hostinfo().Valid() && p.Hostinfo().ShareeNode() {
			// Don't show nodes that only exist in the netmap because they're
			// owned by somebody the user shared a node with. We can't see their
			// details (including their name) anyway, so there's nothing
			// interesting to render.
			continue
		}
		if q := state.query; q != "" {
			// Filter peers according to search query.
			host := strings.ToLower(p.Hostinfo().Hostname())
			name := strings.ToLower(p.Name())
			var addr string
			if p.Addresses().Len() > 0 {
				addr = p.Addresses().At(0).Addr().String()
			}
			if !strings.Contains(host, q) && !strings.Contains(name, q) && !strings.Contains(addr, q) {
				continue
			}
		}
		uid := p.SharerOrUser()
		users[uid] = struct{}{}
		uiPeers = append(uiPeers, UIPeer{
			Owner: uid,
			Peer:  p.AsStruct(),
		})
	}
	// Add section (user) headers.
	for u := range users {
		name := netmap.UserProfiles[u].DisplayName
		name = strings.ToUpper(name)
		uiPeers = append(uiPeers, UIPeer{Owner: u, Name: name})
	}
	sort.Slice(uiPeers, func(i, j int) bool {
		lhs, rhs := uiPeers[i], uiPeers[j]
		if lu, ru := lhs.Owner, rhs.Owner; ru != lu {
			// Sort own peers first.
			if lu == myID {
				return true
			}
			if ru == myID {
				return false
			}
			return lu < ru
		}
		lp, rp := lhs.Peer, rhs.Peer
		// Sort headers first.
		if lp == nil {
			return true
		}
		if rp == nil {
			return false
		}
		lName := lp.DisplayName(lp.User == myID)
		rName := rp.DisplayName(rp.User == myID)
		return lName < rName || lName == rName && lp.ID < rp.ID
	})
	state.Peers = uiPeers
}

func (a *App) prepareVPN(act jni.Object) error {
	return a.callVoidMethod(a.appCtx, "prepareVPN", "(Landroid/app/Activity;I)V",
		jni.Value(act), jni.Value(requestPrepareVPN))
}

func requestBackend(e UIEvent) {
	go func() {
		backendEvents <- e
	}()
}

func (a *App) processUIEvents(w *app.Window, events []UIEvent, act jni.Object, state *clientState, files []File) {
	for _, e := range events {
		switch e := e.(type) {
		case ReauthEvent:
			method, _ := a.store.ReadString(loginMethodPrefKey, loginMethodWeb)
			switch method {
			case loginMethodGoogle:
				a.googleSignIn(act)
			default:
				requestBackend(WebAuthEvent{})
			}
		case BugEvent:
			// clear the channel in case there's an old bug report hanging out there
			select {
			case oldReport := <-a.bugReport:
				log.Printf("clearing old bug report in channel: %s", oldReport)
			default:
				break
			}
			requestBackend(e)
			select {
			case bug := <-a.bugReport:
				w.WriteClipboard(bug)
			case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
				// if we don't get a bug through the channel, fall back and create bug report here
				backendLogID := a.logIDPublicAtomic.Load()
				logMarker := fmt.Sprintf("BUG-%v-%v-%v", backendLogID, time.Now().UTC().Format("20060102150405Z"), randHex(8))
				log.Printf("bug report fallback because timed out. fallback report: %s", logMarker)
				w.WriteClipboard(logMarker)
			}
		case BeExitNodeEvent:
			requestBackend(e)
		case ExitAllowLANEvent:
			requestBackend(e)
		case WebAuthEvent:
			a.decorateEventWithStoredSettings(&e, state)
			a.store.WriteString(loginMethodPrefKey, loginMethodWeb)
			requestBackend(e)
		case SetLoginServerEvent:
			a.store.WriteString(customLoginServerPrefKey, e.URL)
			requestBackend(e)
		case LogoutEvent:
			a.signOut()
			requestBackend(e)
		case ConnectEvent:
			a.decorateEventWithStoredSettings(&e, state)
			requestBackend(e)
		case RouteAllEvent:
			requestBackend(e)
		case CopyEvent:
			w.WriteClipboard(e.Text)
		case GoogleAuthEvent:
			a.store.WriteString(loginMethodPrefKey, loginMethodGoogle)
			a.googleSignIn(act)
		case SearchEvent:
			state.query = strings.ToLower(e.Query)
			a.updateState(act, state)
		case FileSendEvent:
			a.sendFiles(e, files)
		case OSSLicensesEvent:
			a.setURL("https://tailscale.com/licenses/android")
		}
	}
}

func (a *App) decorateEventWithStoredSettings(e RestoreEvent, state *clientState) {
	srv, _ := a.store.ReadString(customLoginServerPrefKey, "")
	if srv != "" && srv != state.backend.Prefs.ControlURL {
		e.SetURL(srv)
	}

	exitstr, _ := a.store.ReadString(exitNodePrefKey, "")
	exitNodeID := tailcfg.StableNodeID(exitstr)
	if exitNodeID != "" && exitNodeID != state.backend.Prefs.ExitNodeID {
		e.SetExitNodeID(exitNodeID)
	}

	allowlan, _ := a.store.ReadBool(exitAllowLANPrefKey, false)
	if allowlan {
		e.SetExitAllowLAN(allowlan)
	}
}

func (a *App) sendFiles(e FileSendEvent, files []File) {
	go func() {
		var totalSize int64
		for _, f := range files {
			totalSize += f.Size
		}
		if totalSize == 0 {
			totalSize = 1
		}
		var totalSent int64
		progress := func(n int64) {
			totalSent += n
			e.Updates(FileSendInfo{
				State:    FileSendTransferring,
				Progress: float64(totalSent) / float64(totalSize),
			})
			a.invalidate()
		}
		defer a.invalidate()
		for _, f := range files {
			if err := a.sendFile(e.Context, e.Target, f, progress); err != nil {
				if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
					return
				}
				e.Updates(FileSendInfo{
					State: FileSendFailed,
				})
				return
			}
		}
		e.Updates(FileSendInfo{
			State: FileSendComplete,
		})
	}()
}

func (a *App) invalidate() {
	select {
	case a.invalidates <- struct{}{}:
	default:
	}
}

func (a *App) sendFile(ctx context.Context, target *apitype.FileTarget, f File, progress func(n int64)) error {
	var body io.Reader
	switch f.Type {
	case FileTypeText:
		body = strings.NewReader(f.Text)
	case FileTypeURI:
		f, err := a.openURI(f.URI, "r")
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		defer f.Close()
		body = f
	default:
		panic("unknown file type")
	}
	body = &progressReader{r: body, size: f.Size, progress: progress}
	dstURL := target.PeerAPIURL + "/v0/put/" + url.PathEscape(f.Name)
	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "PUT", dstURL, body)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	req.ContentLength = f.Size
	res, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer res.Body.Close()
	if res.StatusCode != 200 {
		return fmt.Errorf("PUT failed: %s", res.Status)
	}
	return nil
}

// progressReader wraps an io.Reader to call a progress function
// on every non-zero Read.
type progressReader struct {
	r        io.Reader
	bytes    int64
	size     int64
	eof      bool
	progress func(n int64)
}

func (r *progressReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
	n, err := r.r.Read(p)
	// The request body may be read after http.Client.Do returns, see
	// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/30597. Don't update progress if the
	// file has been read.
	r.eof = r.eof || errors.Is(err, io.EOF)
	if !r.eof && r.bytes < r.size {
		r.progress(int64(n))
		r.bytes += int64(n)
	}
	return n, err
}

func (a *App) signOut() {
	if googleClass == 0 {
		return
	}
	err := jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		m := jni.GetStaticMethodID(env, googleClass,
			"googleSignOut", "(Landroid/content/Context;)V")
		return jni.CallStaticVoidMethod(env, googleClass, m, jni.Value(a.appCtx))
	})
	if err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}
}

func (a *App) googleSignIn(act jni.Object) {
	if act == 0 || googleClass == 0 {
		return
	}
	err := jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		sid := jni.JavaString(env, serverOAuthID)
		m := jni.GetStaticMethodID(env, googleClass,
			"googleSignIn", "(Landroid/app/Activity;Ljava/lang/String;I)V")
		return jni.CallStaticVoidMethod(env, googleClass, m,
			jni.Value(act), jni.Value(sid), jni.Value(requestSignin))
	})
	if err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}
}

func (a *App) browseToURL(act jni.Object, url string) {
	if act == 0 {
		return
	}
	err := jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		jurl := jni.JavaString(env, url)
		return a.callVoidMethod(a.appCtx, "showURL", "(Landroid/app/Activity;Ljava/lang/String;)V", jni.Value(act), jni.Value(jurl))
	})
	if err != nil {
		fatalErr(err)
	}
}

func (a *App) callVoidMethod(obj jni.Object, name, sig string, args ...jni.Value) error {
	if obj == 0 {
		panic("invalid object")
	}
	return jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, obj)
		m := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, name, sig)
		return jni.CallVoidMethod(env, obj, m, args...)
	})
}

// activityForView calls View.getContext and returns a global
// reference to the result.
func (a *App) contextForView(view jni.Object) jni.Object {
	if view == 0 {
		panic("invalid object")
	}
	var ctx jni.Object
	err := jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, view)
		m := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "getContext", "()Landroid/content/Context;")
		var err error
		ctx, err = jni.CallObjectMethod(env, view, m)
		ctx = jni.NewGlobalRef(env, ctx)
		return err
	})
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	return ctx
}

// Report interfaces in the device in net.Interface format.
func (a *App) getInterfaces() ([]interfaces.Interface, error) {
	var ifaceString string
	err := jni.Do(a.jvm, func(env *jni.Env) error {
		cls := jni.GetObjectClass(env, a.appCtx)
		m := jni.GetMethodID(env, cls, "getInterfacesAsString", "()Ljava/lang/String;")
		n, err := jni.CallObjectMethod(env, a.appCtx, m)
		ifaceString = jni.GoString(env, jni.String(n))
		return err

	})
	var ifaces []interfaces.Interface
	if err != nil {
		return ifaces, err
	}

	for _, iface := range strings.Split(ifaceString, "\n") {
		// Example of the strings we're processing:
		// wlan0 30 1500 true true false false true | fe80::2f60:2c82:4163:8389%wlan0/64 10.1.10.131/24
		// r_rmnet_data0 21 1500 true false false false false | fe80::9318:6093:d1ad:ba7f%r_rmnet_data0/64
		// mnet_data2 12 1500 true false false false false | fe80::3c8c:44dc:46a9:9907%rmnet_data2/64

		if strings.TrimSpace(iface) == "" {
			continue
		}

		fields := strings.Split(iface, "|")
		if len(fields) != 2 {
			log.Printf("getInterfaces: unable to split %q", iface)
			continue
		}

		var name string
		var index, mtu int
		var up, broadcast, loopback, pointToPoint, multicast bool
		_, err := fmt.Sscanf(fields[0], "%s %d %d %t %t %t %t %t",
			&name, &index, &mtu, &up, &broadcast, &loopback, &pointToPoint, &multicast)
		if err != nil {
			log.Printf("getInterfaces: unable to parse %q: %v", iface, err)
			continue
		}

		newIf := interfaces.Interface{
			Interface: &net.Interface{
				Name:  name,
				Index: index,
				MTU:   mtu,
			},
			AltAddrs: []net.Addr{}, // non-nil to avoid Go using netlink
		}
		if up {
			newIf.Flags |= net.FlagUp
		}
		if broadcast {
			newIf.Flags |= net.FlagBroadcast
		}
		if loopback {
			newIf.Flags |= net.FlagLoopback
		}
		if pointToPoint {
			newIf.Flags |= net.FlagPointToPoint
		}
		if multicast {
			newIf.Flags |= net.FlagMulticast
		}

		addrs := strings.Trim(fields[1], " \n")
		for _, addr := range strings.Split(addrs, " ") {
			ip, err := netaddr.ParseIPPrefix(addr)
			if err == nil {
				newIf.AltAddrs = append(newIf.AltAddrs, ip.IPNet())
			}
		}

		ifaces = append(ifaces, newIf)
	}

	return ifaces, nil
}

func fatalErr(err error) {
	// TODO: expose in UI.
	log.Printf("fatal error: %v", err)
}

func randHex(n int) string {
	b := make([]byte, n)
	rand.Read(b)
	return hex.EncodeToString(b)
}

const multipleUsersText = "Tailscale can't start due to an Android bug when multiple users are present on this device. " +
	"Please see https://tailscale.com/s/multi-user-bug for more information."