Ansible Extension ================= .. image:: images/ansible/cell_division.png :align: right An experimental extension to `Ansible`_ is included that implements host connections over Mitogen, replacing embedded shell invocations with pure-Python equivalents invoked via highly efficient remote procedure calls tunnelled over SSH. No changes are required to the target hosts. The extension isn't nearly in a generally dependable state yet, however it already works well enough for testing against real-world playbooks. `Bug reports`_ in this area are very welcome – Ansible is a huge beast, and only significant testing will prove the extension's soundness. .. _Ansible: https://www.ansible.com/ .. _Bug reports: https://goo.gl/yLKZiJ Overview -------- You should **expect a 1.25x - 7x speedup** and a **CPU usage reduction of at least 2x**, depending on network conditions, the specific modules executed, and time spent by the target host already doing useful work. Mitogen cannot speed up a module once it is executing, it can only ensure the module executes as quickly as possible. * **A single SSH connection is used for each target host**, in addition to one sudo invocation per distinct user account. Subsequent playbook steps always reuse the same connection. This is much better than SSH multiplexing combined with pipelining, as significant state can be maintained in RAM between steps, and the system logs aren't filled with spam from repeat SSH and sudo invocations. * **A single Python interpreter is used** per host and sudo account combination for the duration of the run, avoiding the repeat cost of invoking multiple interpreters and recompiling imports, saving 300-800 ms for every playbook step. * Remote interpreters reuse Mitogen's module import mechanism, caching uploaded dependencies between steps at the host and user account level. As a consequence, **bandwidth usage is consistently an order of magnitude lower** compared to SSH pipelining, and around 5x fewer frames are required to traverse the wire for a run to complete successfully. * **No writes to the target host's filesystem occur**, unless explicitly triggered by a playbook step. In all typical configurations, Ansible repeatedly rewrites and extracts ZIP files to multiple temporary directories on the target host. Since no temporary files are used, security issues relating to those files in cross-account scenarios are entirely avoided. Limitations ----------- This is a proof of concept: issues below are exclusively due to code immaturity. High Risk ~~~~~~~~~ * Connection establishment is single-threaded until more pressing issues are solved. To evaluate performance, target only one host. Many hosts still work, the first playbook step will simply run unnecessarily slowly. * `Asynchronous Actions And Polling `_ has received minimal testing. * Transfer of large (i.e. GB-sized) files using certain Ansible-internal APIs, such as triggered via the ``copy`` module, will cause corresponding temporary memory and CPU spikes on both host and target machine, due to delivering the file as a single large message. If many machines are targetted with a large file, the host machine could easily exhaust available RAM. This will be fixed soon as it's likely to be tickled by common playbook use cases. Medium Risk ~~~~~~~~~~~ * The remote interpreter is temporarily hard-wired to ``/usr/bin/python``, matching Ansible's default. The ``ansible_python_interpreter`` variable is ignored. * In some cases ``remote_tmp`` may not be respected. * Interaction with modules employing special action plugins is minimally tested, except for the ``synchronize``, ``template`` and ``copy`` modules. * For now only Python command modules work, however almost all modules shipped with Ansible are Python-based. Low Risk ~~~~~~~~ * Only UNIX machines running Python 2.x are supported, Windows will come later. * Only the ``sudo`` become method is available, however adding new methods is straightforward, and eventually at least ``su`` will be included. * The only supported strategy is ``linear``, which is Ansible's default. * Ansible defaults to requiring pseudo TTYs for most SSH invocations, in order to allow it to handle ``sudo`` with ``requiretty`` enabled, however it disables pseudo TTYs for certain commands where standard input is required or ``sudo`` is not in use. Mitogen does not require this, as it can simply call :py:func:`pty.openpty` from the SSH user account during ``sudo`` setup. A major downside to Ansible's default is that stdout and stderr of any resulting executed command are merged, with additional carriage return characters synthesized in the output by the TTY layer. Neither of these problems are apparent using the Mitogen extension, which may break some playbooks. A future version will emulate Ansible's behaviour, once it is clear precisely what that behaviour is supposed to be. See `Ansible#14377`_ for related discussion. .. _Ansible#14377: https://github.com/ansible/ansible/issues/14377 Behavioural Differences ----------------------- * Ansible with SSH multiplexing enabled causes a string like ``Shared connection to host closed`` to appear in ``stderr`` output of every executed command. This never manifests with the Mitogen extension. * Asynchronous jobs execute in a thread of the single target Python interpreter. In future this will be replaced with subprocesses, as it's likely some use cases spawn many asynchronous jobs. Configuration ------------- .. warning:: Don't test the prototype in a live environment until this notice is removed. 1. Ensure the host machine is using Python 2.x for Ansible by verifying the output of ``ansible --version``. Ensure the ``python`` command starts a Python 2.x interpreter. If not, substitute ``python`` for the correct command in steps 2 and 3. 2. ``python -m pip install -U git+https://github.com/dw/mitogen.git`` **on the host machine only**. 3. ``python -c 'import ansible_mitogen as a; print a.__path__'`` 4. Add ``strategy_plugins = /path/to/../ansible_mitogen/strategy`` using the path from above to the ``[defaults]`` section of ``ansible.cfg``. 5. Add ``strategy = mitogen`` to the ``[defaults]`` section of ``ansible.cfg``. 6. Cross your fingers and try it out. Demo ---- Local VM connection ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This demonstrates Mitogen vs. connection pipelining to a local VM, executing the 100 simple repeated steps of ``run_hostname_100_times.yml`` from the examples directory. Mitogen requires **43x less bandwidth and 4.25x less time**. .. image:: images/ansible/run_hostname_100_times.png Kathmandu to Paris ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This is a full Django application playbook over a ~180ms link between Kathmandu and Paris. Aside from large pauses where the host performs useful work, the high latency of this link means Mitogen only manages a 1.7x speedup. Many early roundtrips are due to inefficiencies in Mitogen's importer that will be fixed over time, however the majority, comprising at least 10 seconds, are due to idling while the host's previous result and next command are in-flight on the network. The initial extension lays groundwork for exciting structural changes to the execution model: a future version will tackle latency head-on by delegating some control flow to the target host, melding the performance and scalability benefits of pull-based operation with the management simplicity of push-based operation. .. image:: images/ansible/costapp.png SSH Variables ------------- This list will grow as more missing pieces are discovered. * remote_addr * remote_user * ssh_port * ssh_path * password (default: assume passwordless) Sudo Variables -------------- * username (default: root) * password (default: assume passwordless) Debugging --------- See :ref:`logging-env-vars` in the Getting Started guide for environment variables that activate debug logging.