diff --git a/docs/index.rst b/docs/index.rst
index 36c44f82..fbe944b1 100644
--- a/docs/index.rst
+++ b/docs/index.rst
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ a large fleet of machines, or to alert the parent of unexpected state changes.
             elif new_size < size:
                 size = 0
 
-            fp = file(path, 'r')
+            fp = open(path, 'r')
             fp.seek(size)
             channel.send(fp.read(new_size - size))
             fp.close()
diff --git a/mitogen/ansible/helpers.py b/mitogen/ansible/helpers.py
index 4b70cde2..7dd3f3a0 100644
--- a/mitogen/ansible/helpers.py
+++ b/mitogen/ansible/helpers.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def exec_command(cmd, in_data=None):
 
 
 def read_path(path):
-    return file(path, 'rb').read()
+    return open(path, 'rb').read()
 
 
 def write_path(path, s):
diff --git a/mitogen/core.py b/mitogen/core.py
index af8ab41f..eb1a04ad 100644
--- a/mitogen/core.py
+++ b/mitogen/core.py
@@ -1127,7 +1127,7 @@ class ExternalContext(object):
         # Reopen with line buffering.
         sys.stdout = os.fdopen(1, 'w', 1)
 
-        fp = file('/dev/null')
+        fp = open('/dev/null')
         try:
             os.dup2(fp.fileno(), 0)
         finally:
diff --git a/mitogen/fakessh.py b/mitogen/fakessh.py
index f7173abe..48003727 100644
--- a/mitogen/fakessh.py
+++ b/mitogen/fakessh.py
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ def run(dest, router, args, deadline=None, econtext=None):
     tmp_path = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='mitogen_fakessh')
     try:
         ssh_path = os.path.join(tmp_path, 'ssh')
-        fp = file(ssh_path, 'w')
+        fp = open(ssh_path, 'w')
         try:
             fp.write('#!%s\n' % (sys.executable,))
             fp.write(inspect.getsource(mitogen.core))
diff --git a/tests/data/plain_old_module.py b/tests/data/plain_old_module.py
index e09024a5..342b25a8 100755
--- a/tests/data/plain_old_module.py
+++ b/tests/data/plain_old_module.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import math
 
 def get_sentinel_value():
     # Some proof we're even talking to the mitogen-test Docker image
-    return file('/etc/sentinel').read()
+    return open('/etc/sentinel').read()
 
 
 def add(x, y):
diff --git a/tests/first_stage_test.py b/tests/first_stage_test.py
index 4baa024b..54d8a72b 100644
--- a/tests/first_stage_test.py
+++ b/tests/first_stage_test.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class CommandLineTest(testlib.RouterMixin, testlib.TestCase):
         # from the pipe, which is a valid script, and therefore exit indicating
         # success.
 
-        fp = file("/dev/null", "r")
+        fp = open("/dev/null", "r")
         proc = subprocess.Popen(args,
             stdin=fp,
             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
diff --git a/tests/module_finder_test.py b/tests/module_finder_test.py
index ef58fa06..d7182d31 100644
--- a/tests/module_finder_test.py
+++ b/tests/module_finder_test.py
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class GetModuleViaSysModulesTest(testlib.TestCase):
         import __main__
         path, src, is_pkg = self.call('__main__')
         self.assertEquals(path, __main__.__file__)
-        self.assertEquals(src, file(path).read())
+        self.assertEquals(src, open(path).read())
         self.assertFalse(is_pkg)
 
     def test_dylib_fails(self):