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ReStructuredText
Federation API
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==============
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Matrix home servers use the Federation APIs (also known as server-server APIs)
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to communicate with each other. Home servers use these APIs to push messages to
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each other in real-time, to request historic messages from each other, and to
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query profile and presence information about users on each other's servers.
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The APIs are implemented using HTTPS GETs and PUTs between each of the
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servers. These HTTPS requests are strongly authenticated using public key
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signatures at the TLS transport layer and using public key signatures in
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HTTP Authorization headers at the HTTP layer.
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There are three main kinds of communication that occur between home servers:
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Persisted Data Units (PDUs):
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These events are broadcast from one home server to any others that have
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joined the same "context" (namely, a Room ID). They are persisted in
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long-term storage and record the history of messages and state for a
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context.
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Like email, it is the responsibility of the originating server of a PDU
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to deliver that event to its recipient servers. However PDUs are signed
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using the originating server's public key so that it is possible to
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deliver them through third-party servers.
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Ephemeral Data Units (EDUs):
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These events are pushed between pairs of home servers. They are not
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persisted and are not part of the history of a "context", nor does the
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receiving home server have to reply to them.
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Queries:
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These are single request/response interactions between a given pair of
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servers, initiated by one side sending an HTTPS GET request to obtain some
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information, and responded by the other. They are not persisted and contain
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no long-term significant history. They simply request a snapshot state at
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the instant the query is made.
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EDUs and PDUs are further wrapped in an envelope called a Transaction, which is
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transferred from the origin to the destination home server using an HTTPS PUT
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request.
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Server Discovery
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----------------
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Resolving Server Names
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Each matrix home server is identified by a server name consisting of a DNS name
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and an optional TLS port.
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.. code::
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server_name = dns_name [ ":" tls_port]
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dns_name = <host, see [RFC 3986], Section 3.2.2>
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tls_port = *DIGIT
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.. **
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If the port is present then the server is discovered by looking up an AAAA or
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A record for the DNS name and connecting to the specified TLS port.
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If the port is absent then the server is discovered by looking up a
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``_matrix._tcp`` SRV record for the DNS name. If this record does not exist
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then the server is discovered by looking up an AAAA or A record on the DNS
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name and taking the default fallback port number of 8448.
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Home servers may use SRV records to load balance requests between multiple TLS
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endpoints or to failover to another endpoint if an endpoint fails.
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Retrieving Server Keys
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Version 2
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+++++++++
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Each home server publishes its public keys under ``/_matrix/key/v2/server/``.
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Home servers query for keys by either getting ``/_matrix/key/v2/server/``
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directly or by querying an intermediate notary server using a
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``/_matrix/key/v2/query`` API. Intermediate notary servers query the
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``/_matrix/key/v2/server/`` API on behalf of another server and sign the
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response with their own key. A server may query multiple notary servers to
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ensure that they all report the same public keys.
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This approach is borrowed from the `Perspectives Project`_, but modified to
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include the NACL keys and to use JSON instead of XML. It has the advantage of
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avoiding a single trust-root since each server is free to pick which notary
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servers they trust and can corroborate the keys returned by a given notary
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server by querying other servers.
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.. _Perspectives Project: http://perspectives-project.org/
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Publishing Keys
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_______________
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Home servers publish the allowed TLS fingerprints and signing keys in a JSON
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object at ``/_matrix/key/v2/server/{key_id}``. The response contains a list of
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``verify_keys`` that are valid for signing federation requests made by the
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server and for signing events. It contains a list of ``old_verify_keys``
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which are only valid for signing events. Finally the response contains a list
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of TLS certificate fingerprints to validate any connection made to the server.
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A server may have multiple keys active at a given time. A server may have any
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number of old keys. It is recommended that servers return a single JSON
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response listing all of its keys whenever any ``key_id`` is requested to reduce
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the number of round trips needed to discover the relevant keys for a server.
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However a server may return a different responses for a different ``key_id``.
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The ``tls_certificates`` contain a list of hashes of the X.509 TLS certificates
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currently used by the server. The list must include SHA-256 hashes for every
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certificate currently in use by the server. These fingerprints are valid until
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the millisecond POSIX timestamp in ``valid_until_ts``.
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The ``verify_keys`` can be used to sign requests and events made by the server
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until the millisecond POSIX timestamp in ``valid_until_ts``. If a Home Server
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receives an event with a ``origin_server_ts`` after the ``valid_until_ts`` then
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it should request that ``key_id`` for the originating server to check whether
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the key has expired.
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The ``old_verify_keys`` can be used to sign events with an ``origin_server_ts``
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before the ``expired_ts``. The ``expired_ts`` is a millisecond POSIX timestamp
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of when the originating server stopped using that key.
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Intermediate notary servers should cache a response for half of its remaining
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life time to avoid serving a stale response. Originating servers should avoid
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returning responses that expire in less than an hour to avoid repeated requests
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for an about to expire certificate. Requesting servers should limit how
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frequently they query for certificates to avoid flooding a server with requests.
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If a server goes offline intermediate notary servers should continue to return
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the last response they received from that server so that the signatures of old
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events sent by that server can still be checked.
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==================== =================== ======================================
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Key Type Description
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==================== =================== ======================================
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``server_name`` String DNS name of the home server.
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``verify_keys`` Object Public keys of the home server for
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verifying digital signatures.
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``old_verify_keys`` Object The public keys that the server used
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to use and when it stopped using them.
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``signatures`` Object Digital signatures for this object
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signed using the ``verify_keys``.
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``tls_fingerprints`` Array of Objects Hashes of X.509 TLS certificates used
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by this this server encoded as base64.
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``valid_until_ts`` Integer POSIX timestamp when the list of valid
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keys should be refreshed.
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==================== =================== ======================================
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.. code:: json
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{
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"old_verify_keys": {
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"ed25519:auto1": {
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"expired_ts": 922834800000,
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"key": "Base+64+Encoded+Old+Verify+Key"
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}
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},
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"server_name": "example.org",
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"signatures": {
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"example.org": {
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"ed25519:auto2": "Base+64+Encoded+Signature"
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}
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},
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"tls_fingerprints": [
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{
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"sha256": "Base+64+Encoded+SHA-256-Fingerprint"
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}
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],
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"valid_until_ts": 1052262000000,
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"verify_keys": {
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"ed25519:auto2": {
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"key": "Base+64+Encoded+Signature+Verification+Key"
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}
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}
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}
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Querying Keys Through Another Server
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____________________________________
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Servers may offer a query API ``_matrix/key/v2/query/`` for getting the keys
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for another server. This API can be used to GET at list of JSON objects for a
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given server or to POST a bulk query for a number of keys from a number of
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servers. Either way the response is a list of JSON objects containing the
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JSON published by the server under ``_matrix/key/v2/server/`` signed by
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both the originating server and by this server.
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The ``minimum_valid_until_ts`` is a millisecond POSIX timestamp indicating
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when the returned certificate will need to be valid until to be useful to the
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requesting server. This can be set using the maximum ``origin_server_ts`` of
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an batch of events that a requesting server is trying to validate. This allows
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an intermediate notary server to give a prompt cached response even if the
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originating server is offline.
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This API can return keys for servers that are offline be using cached responses
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taken from when the server was online. Keys can be queried from multiple
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servers to mitigate against DNS spoofing.
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Requests:
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.. code::
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GET /_matrix/key/v2/query/${server_name}/${key_id}/?minimum_valid_until_ts=${minimum_valid_until_ts} HTTP/1.1
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POST /_matrix/key/v2/query HTTP/1.1
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Content-Type: application/json
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{
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"server_keys": {
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"$server_name": {
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"$key_id": {
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"minimum_valid_until_ts": $posix_timestamp
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}
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}
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}
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}
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Response:
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.. code::
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Content-Type: application/json
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{
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"server_keys": [
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# List of responses with same format as /_matrix/key/v2/server
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# signed by both the originating server and this server.
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]
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}
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Version 1
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+++++++++
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.. WARNING::
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Version 1 of key distribution is obsolete
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Home servers publish their TLS certificates and signing keys in a JSON object
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at ``/_matrix/key/v1``.
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==================== =================== ======================================
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Key Type Description
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==================== =================== ======================================
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``server_name`` String DNS name of the home server.
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``verify_keys`` Object Public keys of the home server for
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verifying digital signatures.
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``signatures`` Object Digital signatures for this object
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signed using the ``verify_keys``.
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``tls_certificate`` String The X.509 TLS certificate used by this
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this server encoded as base64.
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==================== =================== ======================================
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.. code:: json
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{
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"server_name": "example.org",
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"signatures": {
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"example.org": {
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"ed25519:auto": "Base+64+Encoded+Signature"
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}
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},
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"tls_certificate": "Base+64+Encoded+DER+Encoded+X509+TLS+Certificate"
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"verify_keys": {
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"ed25519:auto": "Base+64+Encoded+Signature+Verification+Key"
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}
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}
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When fetching the keys for a server the client should check that the TLS
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certificate in the JSON matches the TLS server certificate for the connection
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and should check that the JSON signatures are correct for the supplied
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``verify_keys``
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Transactions
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------------
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.. WARNING::
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This section may be misleading or inaccurate.
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The transfer of EDUs and PDUs between home servers is performed by an exchange
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of Transaction messages, which are encoded as JSON objects, passed over an HTTP
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PUT request. A Transaction is meaningful only to the pair of home servers that
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exchanged it; they are not globally-meaningful.
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Each transaction has:
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- An opaque transaction ID.
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- A timestamp (UNIX epoch time in milliseconds) generated by its origin
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server.
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- An origin and destination server name.
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- A list of "previous IDs".
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- A list of PDUs and EDUs - the actual message payload that the Transaction
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carries.
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Transaction Fields
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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==================== =================== ======================================
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Key Type Description
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==================== =================== ======================================
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``origin`` String DNS name of homeserver making this
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transaction.
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``origin_server_ts`` Integer Timestamp in milliseconds on
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originating homeserver when this
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transaction started.
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``previous_ids`` List of Strings List of transactions that were sent
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immediately prior to this transaction.
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``pdus`` List of Objects List of persistent updates to rooms.
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``edus`` List of Objects List of ephemeral messages.
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==================== =================== ======================================
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.. code:: json
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{
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"transaction_id":"916d630ea616342b42e98a3be0b74113",
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"ts":1404835423000,
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"origin":"red",
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"prev_ids":["e1da392e61898be4d2009b9fecce5325"],
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"pdus":[...],
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"edus":[...]
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}
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The ``prev_ids`` field contains a list of previous transaction IDs that the
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``origin`` server has sent to this ``destination``. Its purpose is to act as a
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sequence checking mechanism - the destination server can check whether it has
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successfully received that Transaction, or ask for a re-transmission if not.
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The ``pdus`` field of a transaction is a list, containing zero or more PDUs.[*]
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Each PDU is itself a JSON object containing a number of keys, the exact details
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of which will vary depending on the type of PDU. Similarly, the ``edus`` field
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is another list containing the EDUs. This key may be entirely absent if there
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are no EDUs to transfer.
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(* Normally the PDU list will be non-empty, but the server should cope with
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receiving an "empty" transaction, as this is useful for informing peers of other
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transaction IDs they should be aware of. This effectively acts as a push
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mechanism to encourage peers to continue to replicate content.)
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PDUs
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----
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All PDUs have:
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- An ID
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- A context
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- A declaration of their type
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- A list of other PDU IDs that have been seen recently on that context
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(regardless of which origin sent them)
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Required PDU Fields
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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==================== ================== =======================================
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Key Type Description
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==================== ================== =======================================
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``context`` String Event context identifier
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``user_id`` String The ID of the user sending the PDU
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``origin`` String DNS name of homeserver that created
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this PDU
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``pdu_id`` String Unique identifier for PDU on the
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originating homeserver
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``origin_server_ts`` Integer Timestamp in milliseconds on origin
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homeserver when this PDU was created.
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``pdu_type`` String PDU event type
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``content`` Object The content of the PDU.
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``prev_pdus`` List of (String, The originating homeserver, PDU ids and
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String, Object) hashes of the most recent PDUs the
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Triplets homeserver was aware of for the context
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when it made this PDU
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``depth`` Integer The maximum depth of the previous PDUs
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plus one
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``is_state`` Boolean True if this PDU is updating room state
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==================== ================== =======================================
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.. code:: json
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{
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"context":"#example:green.example.com",
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"origin":"green.example.com",
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"pdu_id":"a4ecee13e2accdadf56c1025af232176",
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"origin_server_ts":1404838188000,
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"pdu_type":"m.room.message",
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"prev_pdus":[
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["blue.example.com","99d16afbc8",
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{"sha256":"abase64encodedsha256hashshouldbe43byteslong"}]
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],
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"hashes":{"sha256":"thishashcoversallfieldsincasethisisredacted"},
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"signatures":{
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"green.example.com":{
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"ed25519:key_version:":"these86bytesofbase64signaturecoveressentialfieldsincludinghashessocancheckredactedpdus"
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}
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},
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"is_state":false,
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"content": {...}
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}
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In contrast to Transactions, it is important to note that the ``prev_pdus``
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field of a PDU refers to PDUs that any origin server has sent, rather than
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previous IDs that this ``origin`` has sent. This list may refer to other PDUs
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sent by the same origin as the current one, or other origins.
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Because of the distributed nature of participants in a Matrix conversation, it
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is impossible to establish a globally-consistent total ordering on the events.
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However, by annotating each outbound PDU at its origin with IDs of other PDUs
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it has received, a partial ordering can be constructed allowing causality
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relationships to be preserved. A client can then display these messages to the
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end-user in some order consistent with their content and ensure that no message
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that is semantically in reply of an earlier one is ever displayed before it.
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State Update PDU Fields
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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PDUs fall into two main categories: those that deliver Events, and those that
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synchronise State. For PDUs that relate to State synchronisation, additional
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keys exist to support this:
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======================== ============ =========================================
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Key Type Description
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======================== ============ =========================================
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``state_key`` String Combined with the ``pdu_type`` this
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identifies the which part of the room
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state is updated
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``required_power_level`` Integer The required power level needed to
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replace this update.
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``prev_state_id`` String The homeserver of the update this
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replaces
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``prev_state_origin`` String The PDU id of the update this replaces.
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``user_id`` String The user updating the state.
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======================== ============ =========================================
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.. code:: json
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{...,
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"is_state":true,
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"state_key":TODO-doc
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"required_power_level":TODO-doc
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"prev_state_id":TODO-doc
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"prev_state_origin":TODO-doc
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}
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EDUs
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----
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EDUs, by comparison to PDUs, do not have an ID, a context, or a list of
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"previous" IDs. The only mandatory fields for these are the type, origin and
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destination home server names, and the actual nested content.
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======================== ============ =========================================
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Key Type Description
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======================== ============ =========================================
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``edu_type`` String The type of the ephemeral message.
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``content`` Object Content of the ephemeral message.
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======================== ============ =========================================
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.. code:: json
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{
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"edu_type":"m.presence",
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"origin":"blue",
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"destination":"orange",
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"content":{...}
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}
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Protocol URLs
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-------------
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.. WARNING::
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This section may be misleading or inaccurate.
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All these URLs are name-spaced within a prefix of::
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/_matrix/federation/v1/...
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For active pushing of messages representing live activity "as it happens"::
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PUT .../send/<transaction_id>/
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Body: JSON encoding of a single Transaction
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Response: TODO-doc
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The transaction_id path argument will override any ID given in the JSON body.
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The destination name will be set to that of the receiving server itself. Each
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embedded PDU in the transaction body will be processed.
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To fetch a particular PDU::
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GET .../pdu/<origin>/<pdu_id>/
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Response: JSON encoding of a single Transaction containing one PDU
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Retrieves a given PDU from the server. The response will contain a single new
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Transaction, inside which will be the requested PDU.
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To fetch all the state of a given context::
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GET .../state/<context>/
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Response: JSON encoding of a single Transaction containing multiple PDUs
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Retrieves a snapshot of the entire current state of the given context. The
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response will contain a single Transaction, inside which will be a list of PDUs
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that encode the state.
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To backfill events on a given context::
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GET .../backfill/<context>/
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Query args: v, limit
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Response: JSON encoding of a single Transaction containing multiple PDUs
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Retrieves a sliding-window history of previous PDUs that occurred on the given
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context. Starting from the PDU ID(s) given in the "v" argument, the PDUs that
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preceded it are retrieved, up to a total number given by the "limit" argument.
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These are then returned in a new Transaction containing all of the PDUs.
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To stream events all the events::
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GET .../pull/
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Query args: origin, v
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|
Response: JSON encoding of a single Transaction consisting of multiple PDUs
|
|
|
|
Retrieves all of the transactions later than any version given by the "v"
|
|
arguments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
To make a query::
|
|
|
|
GET .../query/<query_type>
|
|
Query args: as specified by the individual query types
|
|
Response: JSON encoding of a response object
|
|
|
|
Performs a single query request on the receiving home server. The Query Type
|
|
part of the path specifies the kind of query being made, and its query
|
|
arguments have a meaning specific to that kind of query. The response is a
|
|
JSON-encoded object whose meaning also depends on the kind of query.
|
|
|
|
Backfilling
|
|
-----------
|
|
.. NOTE::
|
|
This section is a work in progress.
|
|
|
|
.. TODO-doc
|
|
- What it is, when is it used, how is it done
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authentication
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
Request Authentication
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Every HTTP request made by a homeserver is authenticated using public key
|
|
digital signatures. The request method, target and body are signed by wrapping
|
|
them in a JSON object and signing it using the JSON signing algorithm. The
|
|
resulting signatures are added as an Authorization header with an auth scheme
|
|
of X-Matrix. Note that the target field should include the full path starting with
|
|
``/_matrix/...``, including the ``?`` and any query parameters if present, but
|
|
should not include the leading ``https:``, nor the destination server's
|
|
hostname.
|
|
|
|
Step 1 sign JSON:
|
|
|
|
.. code::
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
"method": "GET",
|
|
"uri": "/target",
|
|
"origin": "origin.hs.example.com",
|
|
"destintation": "destination.hs.example.com",
|
|
"content": { JSON content ... },
|
|
"signatures": {
|
|
"origin.hs.example.com": {
|
|
"ed25519:key1": "ABCDEF..."
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
Step 2 add Authorization header:
|
|
|
|
.. code::
|
|
|
|
GET /target HTTP/1.1
|
|
Authorization: X-Matrix origin=origin.example.com,key="ed25519:key1",sig="ABCDEF..."
|
|
Content-Type: application/json
|
|
|
|
{ JSON content ... }
|
|
|
|
|
|
Example python code:
|
|
|
|
.. code:: python
|
|
|
|
def authorization_headers(origin_name, origin_signing_key,
|
|
destination_name, request_method, request_target,
|
|
content_json=None):
|
|
request_json = {
|
|
"method": request_method,
|
|
"uri": request_target,
|
|
"origin": origin_name,
|
|
"destination": destination_name,
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
if content_json is not None:
|
|
request["content"] = content_json
|
|
|
|
signed_json = sign_json(request_json, origin_name, origin_signing_key)
|
|
|
|
authorization_headers = []
|
|
|
|
for key, sig in signed_json["signatures"][origin_name].items():
|
|
authorization_headers.append(bytes(
|
|
"X-Matrix origin=%s,key=\"%s\",sig=\"%s\"" % (
|
|
origin_name, key, sig,
|
|
)
|
|
))
|
|
|
|
return ("Authorization", authorization_headers)
|
|
|
|
Response Authentication
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Responses are authenticated by the TLS server certificate. A homeserver should
|
|
not send a request until it has authenticated the connected server to avoid
|
|
leaking messages to eavesdroppers.
|
|
|
|
Client TLS Certificates
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
Requests are authenticated at the HTTP layer rather than at the TLS layer
|
|
because HTTP services like Matrix are often deployed behind load balancers that
|
|
handle the TLS and these load balancers make it difficult to check TLS client
|
|
certificates.
|
|
|
|
A home server may provide a TLS client certficate and the receiving home server
|
|
may check that the client certificate matches the certificate of the origin
|
|
home server.
|
|
|
|
Server-Server Authorization
|
|
---------------------------
|
|
|
|
.. TODO-doc
|
|
- PDU signing (see the Event signing section earlier)
|
|
- State conflict resolution (see below)
|
|
|
|
State Conflict Resolution
|
|
-------------------------
|
|
.. NOTE::
|
|
This section is a work in progress.
|
|
|
|
.. TODO-doc
|
|
- How do conflicts arise (diagrams?)
|
|
- How are they resolved (incl tie breaks)
|
|
- How does this work with deleting current state
|
|
- How do we reject invalid federation traffic?
|
|
|
|
[[TODO(paul): At this point we should probably have a long description of how
|
|
State management works, with descriptions of clobbering rules, power levels, etc
|
|
etc... But some of that detail is rather up-in-the-air, on the whiteboard, and
|
|
so on. This part needs refining. And writing in its own document as the details
|
|
relate to the server/system as a whole, not specifically to server-server
|
|
federation.]]
|
|
|
|
Presence
|
|
--------
|
|
The server API for presence is based entirely on exchange of the following
|
|
EDUs. There are no PDUs or Federation Queries involved.
|
|
|
|
Performing a presence update and poll subscription request::
|
|
|
|
EDU type: m.presence
|
|
|
|
Content keys:
|
|
push: (optional): list of push operations.
|
|
Each should be an object with the following keys:
|
|
user_id: string containing a User ID
|
|
presence: "offline"|"unavailable"|"online"|"free_for_chat"
|
|
status_msg: (optional) string of free-form text
|
|
last_active_ago: milliseconds since the last activity by the user
|
|
|
|
poll: (optional): list of strings giving User IDs
|
|
|
|
unpoll: (optional): list of strings giving User IDs
|
|
|
|
The presence of this combined message is two-fold: it informs the recipient
|
|
server of the current status of one or more users on the sending server (by the
|
|
``push`` key), and it maintains the list of users on the recipient server that
|
|
the sending server is interested in receiving updates for, by adding (by the
|
|
``poll`` key) or removing them (by the ``unpoll`` key). The ``poll`` and
|
|
``unpoll`` lists apply *changes* to the implied list of users; any existing IDs
|
|
that the server sent as ``poll`` operations in a previous message are not
|
|
removed until explicitly requested by a later ``unpoll``.
|
|
|
|
On receipt of a message containing a non-empty ``poll`` list, the receiving
|
|
server should immediately send the sending server a presence update EDU of its
|
|
own, containing in a ``push`` list the current state of every user that was in
|
|
the original EDU's ``poll`` list.
|
|
|
|
Sending a presence invite::
|
|
|
|
EDU type: m.presence_invite
|
|
|
|
Content keys:
|
|
observed_user: string giving the User ID of the user whose presence is
|
|
requested (i.e. the recipient of the invite)
|
|
observer_user: string giving the User ID of the user who is requesting to
|
|
observe the presence (i.e. the sender of the invite)
|
|
|
|
Accepting a presence invite::
|
|
|
|
EDU type: m.presence_accept
|
|
|
|
Content keys - as for m.presence_invite
|
|
|
|
Rejecting a presence invite::
|
|
|
|
EDU type: m.presence_deny
|
|
|
|
Content keys - as for m.presence_invite
|
|
|
|
.. TODO-doc
|
|
- Explain the timing-based round-trip reduction mechanism for presence
|
|
messages
|
|
- Explain the zero-byte presence inference logic
|
|
See also: docs/client-server/model/presence
|
|
|
|
Profiles
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
The server API for profiles is based entirely on the following Federation
|
|
Queries. There are no additional EDU or PDU types involved, other than the
|
|
implicit ``m.presence`` and ``m.room.member`` events (see section below).
|
|
|
|
Querying profile information::
|
|
|
|
Query type: profile
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
user_id: the ID of the user whose profile to return
|
|
field: (optional) string giving a field name
|
|
|
|
Returns: JSON object containing the following keys:
|
|
displayname: string of free-form text
|
|
avatar_url: string containing an HTTP-scheme URL
|
|
|
|
If the query contains the optional ``field`` key, it should give the name of a
|
|
result field. If such is present, then the result should contain only a field
|
|
of that name, with no others present. If not, the result should contain as much
|
|
of the user's profile as the home server has available and can make public.
|
|
|
|
Directory
|
|
---------
|
|
|
|
The server API for directory queries is also based on Federation Queries.
|
|
|
|
Querying directory information::
|
|
|
|
Query type: directory
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
room_alias: the room alias to query
|
|
|
|
Returns: JSON object containing the following keys:
|
|
room_id: string giving the underlying room ID the alias maps to
|
|
servers: list of strings giving the join candidates
|
|
|
|
The list of join candidates is a list of server names that are likely to hold
|
|
the given room; these are servers that the requesting server may wish to try
|
|
joining with. This list may or may not include the server answering the query.
|
|
|