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585 lines
26 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: "Matrix Specification"
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type: docs
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weight: 10
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---
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Matrix defines a set of open APIs for decentralised communication,
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suitable for securely publishing, persisting and subscribing to data
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over a global open federation of servers with no single point of
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control. Uses include Instant Messaging (IM), Voice over IP (VoIP)
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signalling, Internet of Things (IoT) communication, and bridging
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together existing communication silos - providing the basis of a new
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open real-time communication ecosystem.
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To propose a change to the Matrix Spec, see the explanations at
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[Proposals for Spec Changes to Matrix](/proposals).
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## Matrix APIs
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The specification consists of the following parts:
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* [Client-Server API](client-server-api)
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* [Server-Server API](server-server-api)
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* [Application Service API](application-service-api)
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* [Identity Service API](identity-service-api)
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* [Push Gateway API](push-gateway-api)
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Additionally, this introduction page contains the key baseline
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information required to understand the specific APIs, including the
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sections on [room versions](#room-versions) and [overall
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architecture](#architecture).
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The [Appendices](/appendices) contain supplemental information not
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specific to one of the above APIs.
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The [Matrix Client-Server API Swagger
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Viewer](https://matrix.org/docs/api/client-server/) is useful for
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browsing the Client-Server API.
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## Introduction to the Matrix APIs
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Matrix is a set of open APIs for open-federated Instant Messaging (IM),
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Voice over IP (VoIP) and Internet of Things (IoT) communication,
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designed to create and support a new global real-time communication
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ecosystem. The intention is to provide an open decentralised pubsub
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layer for the internet for securely persisting and
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publishing/subscribing JSON objects. This specification is the ongoing
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result of standardising the APIs used by the various components of the
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Matrix ecosystem to communicate with one another.
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The principles that Matrix attempts to follow are:
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- Pragmatic Web-friendly APIs (i.e. JSON over REST)
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- Keep It Simple & Stupid
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- provide a simple architecture with minimal third-party
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dependencies.
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- Fully open:
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- Fully open federation - anyone should be able to participate in
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the global Matrix network
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- Fully open standard - publicly documented standard with no IP or
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patent licensing encumbrances
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- Fully open source reference implementation - liberally-licensed
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example implementations with no IP or patent licensing
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encumbrances
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- Empowering the end-user
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- The user should be able to choose the server and clients they
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use
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- The user should be able to control how private their
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communication is
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- The user should know precisely where their data is stored
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- Fully decentralised - no single points of control over conversations
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or the network as a whole
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- Learning from history to avoid repeating it
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- Trying to take the best aspects of XMPP, SIP, IRC, SMTP, IMAP
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and NNTP whilst trying to avoid their failings
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The functionality that Matrix provides includes:
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- Creation and management of fully distributed chat rooms with no
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single points of control or failure
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- Eventually-consistent cryptographically secure synchronisation of
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room state across a global open network of federated servers and
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services
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- Sending and receiving extensible messages in a room with (optional)
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end-to-end encryption
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- Extensible user management (inviting, joining, leaving, kicking,
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banning) mediated by a power-level based user privilege system.
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- Extensible room state management (room naming, aliasing, topics,
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bans)
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- Extensible user profile management (avatars, display names, etc)
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- Managing user accounts (registration, login, logout)
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- Use of 3rd Party IDs (3PIDs) such as email addresses, phone numbers,
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Facebook accounts to authenticate, identify and discover users on
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Matrix.
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- Trusted federation of identity servers for:
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- Publishing user public keys for PKI
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- Mapping of 3PIDs to Matrix IDs
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The end goal of Matrix is to be a ubiquitous messaging layer for
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synchronising arbitrary data between sets of people, devices and
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services - be that for instant messages, VoIP call setups, or any other
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objects that need to be reliably and persistently pushed from A to B in
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an interoperable and federated manner.
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### Spec Change Proposals
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To propose a change to the Matrix Spec, see the explanations at
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[Proposals for Spec Changes to Matrix](/proposals).
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## Architecture
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Matrix defines APIs for synchronising extensible JSON objects known as
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"events" between compatible clients, servers and services. Clients are
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typically messaging/VoIP applications or IoT devices/hubs and
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communicate by synchronising communication history with their
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"homeserver" using the "Client-Server API". Each homeserver stores the
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communication history and account information for all of its clients,
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and shares data with the wider Matrix ecosystem by synchronising
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communication history with other homeservers and their clients.
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Clients typically communicate with each other by emitting events in the
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context of a virtual "room". Room data is replicated across *all of the
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homeservers* whose users are participating in a given room. As such, *no
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single homeserver has control or ownership over a given room*.
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Homeservers model communication history as a partially ordered graph of
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events known as the room's "event graph", which is synchronised with
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eventual consistency between the participating servers using the
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"Server-Server API". This process of synchronising shared conversation
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history between homeservers run by different parties is called
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"Federation". Matrix optimises for the Availability and Partitioned
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properties of CAP theorem at the expense of Consistency.
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For example, for client A to send a message to client B, client A
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performs an HTTP PUT of the required JSON event on its homeserver (HS)
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using the client-server API. A's HS appends this event to its copy of
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the room's event graph, signing the message in the context of the graph
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for integrity. A's HS then replicates the message to B's HS by
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performing an HTTP PUT using the server-server API. B's HS authenticates
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the request, validates the event's signature, authorises the event's
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contents and then adds it to its copy of the room's event graph. Client
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B then receives the message from his homeserver via a long-lived GET
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request.
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How data flows between clients:
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```
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{ Matrix client A } { Matrix client B }
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^ | ^ |
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| events | Client-Server API | events |
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| V | V
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+------------------+ +------------------+
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| |---------( HTTPS )--------->| |
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| homeserver | | homeserver |
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| |<--------( HTTPS )----------| |
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+------------------+ Server-Server API +------------------+
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History Synchronisation
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(Federation)
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```
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### Users
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Each client is associated with a user account, which is identified in
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Matrix using a unique "user ID". This ID is namespaced to the homeserver
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which allocated the account and has the form:
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@localpart:domain
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See ['Identifier Grammar' in the
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appendices](/appendices#identifier-grammar) for full details of the
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structure of user IDs.
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### Devices
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The Matrix specification has a particular meaning for the term "device".
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As a user, I might have several devices: a desktop client, some web
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browsers, an Android device, an iPhone, etc. They broadly relate to a
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real device in the physical world, but you might have several browsers
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on a physical device, or several Matrix client applications on a mobile
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device, each of which would be its own device.
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Devices are used primarily to manage the keys used for end-to-end
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encryption (each device gets its own copy of the decryption keys), but
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they also help users manage their access - for instance, by revoking
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access to particular devices.
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When a user first uses a client, it registers itself as a new device.
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The longevity of devices might depend on the type of client. A web
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client will probably drop all of its state on logout, and create a new
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device every time you log in, to ensure that cryptography keys are not
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leaked to a new user. In a mobile client, it might be acceptable to
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reuse the device if a login session expires, provided the user is the
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same.
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Devices are identified by a `device_id`, which is unique within the
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scope of a given user.
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A user may assign a human-readable display name to a device, to help
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them manage their devices.
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### Events
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All data exchanged over Matrix is expressed as an "event". Typically
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each client action (e.g. sending a message) correlates with exactly one
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event. Each event has a `type` which is used to differentiate different
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kinds of data. `type` values MUST be uniquely globally namespaced
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following Java's [package naming
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conventions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_package#Package_naming_conventions),
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e.g. `com.example.myapp.event`. The special top-level namespace `m.` is
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reserved for events defined in the Matrix specification - for instance
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`m.room.message` is the event type for instant messages. Events are
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usually sent in the context of a "Room".
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{{% boxes/warning %}}
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Event bodies are considered untrusted data. This means that any application using
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Matrix must validate that the event body is of the expected shape/schema
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before using the contents verbatim.
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**It is not safe to assume that an event body will have all the expected
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fields of the expected types.**
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See [MSC2801](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/2801) for more
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detail on why this assumption is unsafe.
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{{% /boxes/warning %}}
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### Event Graphs
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Events exchanged in the context of a room are stored in a directed
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acyclic graph (DAG) called an "event graph". The partial ordering of
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this graph gives the chronological ordering of events within the room.
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Each event in the graph has a list of zero or more "parent" events,
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which refer to any preceding events which have no chronological
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successor from the perspective of the homeserver which created the
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event.
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Typically an event has a single parent: the most recent message in the
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room at the point it was sent. However, homeservers may legitimately
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race with each other when sending messages, resulting in a single event
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having multiple successors. The next event added to the graph thus will
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have multiple parents. Every event graph has a single root event with no
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parent.
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To order and ease chronological comparison between the events within the
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graph, homeservers maintain a `depth` metadata field on each event. An
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event's `depth` is a positive integer that is strictly greater than the
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depths of any of its parents. The root event should have a depth of 1.
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Thus if one event is before another, then it must have a strictly
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smaller depth.
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### Room structure
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A room is a conceptual place where users can send and receive events.
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Events are sent to a room, and all participants in that room with
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sufficient access will receive the event. Rooms are uniquely identified
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internally via "Room IDs", which have the form:
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!opaque_id:domain
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There is exactly one room ID for each room. Whilst the room ID does
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contain a domain, it is simply for globally namespacing room IDs. The
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room does NOT reside on the domain specified.
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See ['Identifier Grammar' in the
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appendices](/appendices#identifier-grammar) for full details of the
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structure of a room ID.
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The following conceptual diagram shows an `m.room.message` event being
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sent to the room `!qporfwt:matrix.org`:
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{ @alice:matrix.org } { @bob:example.org }
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| ^
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[HTTP POST] [HTTP GET]
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Room ID: !qporfwt:matrix.org Room ID: !qporfwt:matrix.org
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Event type: m.room.message Event type: m.room.message
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Content: { JSON object } Content: { JSON object }
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| |
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V |
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+------------------+ +------------------+
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| homeserver | | homeserver |
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| matrix.org | | example.org |
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+------------------+ +------------------+
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| ^
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| [HTTP PUT] |
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| Room ID: !qporfwt:matrix.org |
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| Event type: m.room.message |
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| Content: { JSON object } |
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`-------> Pointer to the preceding message ------`
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PKI signature from matrix.org
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Transaction-layer metadata
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PKI Authorization header
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....................................
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| Shared Data |
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| State: |
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| Room ID: !qporfwt:matrix.org |
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| Servers: matrix.org, example.org |
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| Members: |
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| - @alice:matrix.org |
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| - @bob:example.org |
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| Messages: |
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| - @alice:matrix.org |
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| Content: { JSON object } |
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|....................................|
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Federation maintains *shared data structures* per-room between multiple
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homeservers. The data is split into `message events` and `state events`.
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Message events:
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These describe transient 'one-off' activity in a room such as
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instant messages, VoIP call setups, file transfers, etc. They generally
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describe communication activity.
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State events:
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These describe updates to a given piece of persistent information
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('state') related to a room, such as the room's name, topic, membership,
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participating servers, etc. State is modelled as a lookup table of
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key/value pairs per room, with each key being a tuple of `state_key` and
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`event type`. Each state event updates the value of a given key.
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The state of the room at a given point is calculated by considering all
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events preceding and including a given event in the graph. Where events
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describe the same state, a merge conflict algorithm is applied. The
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state resolution algorithm is transitive and does not depend on server
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state, as it must consistently select the same event irrespective of the
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server or the order the events were received in. Events are signed by
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the originating server (the signature includes the parent relations,
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type, depth and payload hash) and are pushed over federation to the
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participating servers in a room, currently using full mesh topology.
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Servers may also request backfill of events over federation from the
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other servers participating in a room.
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{{% boxes/note %}}
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Events are not limited to the types defined in this specification. New
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or custom event types can be created on a whim using the Java package
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naming convention. For example, a `com.example.game.score` event can be
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sent by clients and other clients would receive it through Matrix,
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assuming the client has access to the `com.example` namespace.
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{{% /boxes/note %}}
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#### Room Aliases
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Each room can also have multiple "Room Aliases", which look like:
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#room_alias:domain
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See ['Identifier Grammar' in the
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appendices](/appendices#identifier-grammar) for full details of the
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structure of a room alias.
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A room alias "points" to a room ID and is the human-readable label by
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which rooms are publicised and discovered. The room ID the alias is
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pointing to can be obtained by visiting the domain specified. Note that
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the mapping from a room alias to a room ID is not fixed, and may change
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over time to point to a different room ID. For this reason, Clients
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SHOULD resolve the room alias to a room ID once and then use that ID on
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subsequent requests.
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When resolving a room alias the server will also respond with a list of
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servers that are in the room that can be used to join via.
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HTTP GET
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#matrix:example.org !aaabaa:matrix.org
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| ^
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_______V____________________|____
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| example.org |
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| Mappings: |
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| #matrix >> !aaabaa:matrix.org |
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| #golf >> !wfeiofh:sport.com |
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| #bike >> !4rguxf:matrix.org |
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|________________________________|
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### Identity
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Users in Matrix are identified via their Matrix user ID. However,
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existing 3rd party ID namespaces can also be used in order to identify
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Matrix users. A Matrix "Identity" describes both the user ID and any
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other existing IDs from third party namespaces *linked* to their
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account. Matrix users can *link* third-party IDs (3PIDs) such as email
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addresses, social network accounts and phone numbers to their user ID.
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Linking 3PIDs creates a mapping from a 3PID to a user ID. This mapping
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can then be used by Matrix users in order to discover the user IDs of
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their contacts. In order to ensure that the mapping from 3PID to user ID
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is genuine, a globally federated cluster of trusted "identity servers"
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(IS) are used to verify the 3PID and persist and replicate the mappings.
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Usage of an IS is not required in order for a client application to be
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part of the Matrix ecosystem. However, without one clients will not be
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able to look up user IDs using 3PIDs.
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### Profiles
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Users may publish arbitrary key/value data associated with their account
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- such as a human-readable display name, a profile photo URL, contact
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information (email address, phone numbers, website URLs etc).
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### Private User Data
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Users may also store arbitrary private key/value data in their account -
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such as client preferences, or server configuration settings which lack
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any other dedicated API. The API is symmetrical to managing Profile
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data.
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## Common concepts
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Various things are common throughout all of the Matrix APIs. They are
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documented here.
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### Namespacing
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Namespacing helps prevent conflicts between multiple applications and
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the specification itself. Where namespacing is used, `m.` prefixes are
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used by the specification to indicate that the field is controlled by
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the specification. Custom or non-specified namespaces used in the wild
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MUST use the Java package naming convention to prevent conflicts.
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As an example, event types defined in the specification are namespaced
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under the special `m.` prefix, however any client can send a custom
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event type, such as `com.example.game.score` (assuming the client has
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rights to the `com.example` namespace) without needing to put the event
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into the `m.` namespace.
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### Timestamps
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Unless otherwise stated, timestamps are measured as milliseconds since
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the Unix epoch. Throughout the specification this may be referred to as
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POSIX, Unix, or just "time in milliseconds".
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## Room Versions
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Rooms are central to how Matrix operates, and have strict rules for what
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is allowed to be contained within them. Rooms can also have various
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algorithms that handle different tasks, such as what to do when two or
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more events collide in the underlying DAG. To allow rooms to be improved
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upon through new algorithms or rules, "room versions" are employed to
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manage a set of expectations for each room. New room versions are
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assigned as needed.
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There is no implicit ordering or hierarchy to room versions, and their
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principles are immutable once placed in the specification. Although
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there is a recommended set of versions, some rooms may benefit from
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features introduced by other versions. Rooms move between different
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versions by "upgrading" to the desired version. Due to versions not
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being ordered or hierarchical, this means a room can "upgrade" from
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version 2 to version 1, if it is so desired.
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### Room version grammar
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Room versions are used to change properties of rooms that may not be
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compatible with other servers. For example, changing the rules for event
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authorization would cause older servers to potentially end up in a
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split-brain situation due to not understanding the new rules.
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A room version is defined as a string of characters which MUST NOT
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exceed 32 codepoints in length. Room versions MUST NOT be empty and
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SHOULD contain only the characters `a-z`, `0-9`, `.`, and `-`.
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Room versions are not intended to be parsed and should be treated as
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opaque identifiers. Room versions consisting only of the characters
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`0-9` and `.` are reserved for future versions of the Matrix protocol.
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The complete grammar for a legal room version is:
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room_version = 1*room_version_char
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room_version_char = DIGIT
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/ %x61-7A ; a-z
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/ "-" / "."
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Examples of valid room versions are:
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- `1` (would be reserved by the Matrix protocol)
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- `1.2` (would be reserved by the Matrix protocol)
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- `1.2-beta`
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- `com.example.version`
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### Complete list of room versions
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Room versions are divided into two distinct groups: stable and unstable.
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Stable room versions may be used by rooms safely. Unstable room versions
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are everything else which is either not listed in the specification or
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flagged as unstable for some other reason. Versions can switch between
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stable and unstable periodically for a variety of reasons, including
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discovered security vulnerabilities and age.
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Clients should not ask room administrators to upgrade their rooms if the
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room is running a stable version. Servers SHOULD use **room version 6** as
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the default room version when creating new rooms.
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The available room versions are:
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- [Version 1](/rooms/v1) - **Stable**. The current version of most
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rooms.
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- [Version 2](/rooms/v2) - **Stable**. Implements State Resolution
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Version 2.
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- [Version 3](/rooms/v3) - **Stable**. Introduces events whose IDs
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are the event's hash.
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- [Version 4](/rooms/v4) - **Stable**. Builds on v3 by using
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URL-safe base64 for event IDs.
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- [Version 5](/rooms/v5) - **Stable**. Introduces enforcement of
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signing key validity periods.
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- [Version 6](/rooms/v6) - **Stable**. Alters several
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authorization rules for events.
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- [Version 7](/rooms/v7) - **Stable**. Introduces knocking.
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## Specification Versions
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Matrix as a whole is released under a single specification number in the
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form `vX.Y`.
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* A change to `X` reflects a breaking or substantially invasive change.
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When exactly to increment this number is left to the Spec Core Team,
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however it is intended for changes such as moving away from JSON,
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altering the signing algorithm, or when a large number of `Y` changes
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feel deserving of a major version increase.
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* A change to `Y` represents a backwards compatible or "managed" backwards
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compatible change to the specification, usually in the form of features.
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Additionally, the spec version may have arbitrary metadata applied to it
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when followed by a `-`. For example, `v1.1-alpha`. Usage of this is not
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strictly specified but is intended for usage of pre-release builds of the
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specification.
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Note that while `v1.2` is meant to be backwards compatible with `v1.1`, it
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is not guaranteed that future versions will be fully backwards compatible
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with `v1.1`. For example, if `/test` were to be introduced in `v1.1` and
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deprecated in `v1.2`, then it can be removed in `v1.3`. More information
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about this is described in the [deprecation policy](#deprecation-policy)
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below.
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### Endpoint versioning
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All API endpoints within the specification are versioned individually.
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This means that `/v3/sync` (for example) can get deprecated in favour
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of `/v4/sync` without affecting `/v3/profile` at all. A server supporting
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`/v4/sync` would keep serving `/v3/profile` as it always has.
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When an MSC proposes a breaking change to an endpoint it should also
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deprecate the existing endpoint. For some endpoints this might be implicit,
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such as `/v4/sync` being introduced (deprecating `/v3/sync`), however
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for more nuanced examples the MSC should deprecate the endpoint explicitly.
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### Deprecation policy
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An MSC is required to transition something from stable (the default) to
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deprecated. Once something has been deprecated for suitably long enough
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(usually 1 version), it is eligible for removal from the specification
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with another MSC.
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Implementations of Matrix are required to implement deprecated functionality
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of the specification, though when the functionality is later removed then
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the implementation is welcome to drop support (if they don't advertise
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support for a version which includes deprecated functionality). For
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example, if `/test` were deprecated in `v1.2` and removed in `v1.3`, then
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an implementation which wants to advertise support for `v1.2` would have
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to implement `/test`, even if the implementation also advertises support
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for `v1.3`. If that implementation *only* advertises support for `v1.3`
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then it would not be required to implement `/test`.
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### Legacy versioning
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Prior to this system, the different APIs of Matrix were versioned individually.
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This is no longer possible with the new specification versioning approach.
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For historical reference, the APIs were versioned as `rX.Y.Z` where `X`
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roughly represents a breaking change, `Y` a backwards-compatible change, and
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`Z` a patch or insignificant alteration to the API.
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`v1.0` of Matrix was released on June 10th, 2019 with the following API
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versions:
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| API/Specification | Version |
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|-------------------------|---------|
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| Client-Server API | r0.5.0 |
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| Server-Server API | r0.1.2 |
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| Application Service API | r0.1.1 |
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| Identity Service API | r0.1.1 |
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| Push Gateway API | r0.1.0 |
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| Room Version | v5 |
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## License
|
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The Matrix specification is licensed under the [Apache License, Version
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2.0](http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0).
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