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Developing Plugins
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==================
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.. contents:: Topics
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Plugins are pieces of code that augment Ansible's core functionality. Ansible ships with a number of handy plugins, and you can easily write your own.
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The following types of plugins are available:
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- *Callback* plugins enable you to hook into Ansible events for display or logging purposes.
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- *Connection* plugins define how to communicate with inventory hosts.
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- *Lookup* plugins are used to pull data from an external source.
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- *Vars* plugins inject additional variable data into Ansible runs that did not come from an inventory, playbook, or the command line.
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This section describes the various types of plugins and how to implement them.
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.. _developing_callbacks:
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Callback Plugins
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----------------
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Callback plugins enable adding new behaviors to Ansible when responding to events.
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.. _callback_examples:
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Example Callback Plugins
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++++++++++++++++++++++++
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Ansible comes with a number of callback plugins that you can look at for examples. These can be found in `lib/ansible/plugins/callback <https://github.com/ansible/ansible/tree/devel/lib/ansible/plugins/callback>`_.
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The `log_plays
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<https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/devel/lib/ansible/plugins/callback/log_plays.py>`_
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callback is an example of how to intercept playbook events to a log
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file, and the `mail
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<https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/devel/lib/ansible/plugins/callback/mail.py>`_
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callback sends email when playbooks complete.
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The `osx_say
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<https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/devel/lib/ansible/plugins/callback/osx_say.py>`_
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callback provided is particularly entertaining -- it will respond with
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computer synthesized speech on OS X in relation to playbook events,
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and is guaranteed to entertain and/or annoy coworkers.
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.. _configuring_callbacks:
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Configuring Callback Plugins
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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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To activate a callback, drop it in a callback directory as configured in `ansible.cfg`.
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Plugins are loaded in alphanumeric order; for example, a plugin implemented in a file named `1_first.py` would run before a plugin file named `2_second.py`.
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Callbacks need to be whitelisted in your `ansible.cfg` file in order to function. For example::
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#callback_whitelist = timer, mail, myplugin
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.. _callback_development:
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Developing Callback Plugins
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+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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Callback plugins are created by creating a new class with the Base(Callbacks) class as the parent::
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from ansible.plugins.callback import CallbackBase
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from ansible import constants as C
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class CallbackModule(CallbackBase):
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From there, override the specific methods from the CallbackBase that you want to provide a callback for. For plugins intended for use with Ansible version 2.0 and later, you should only override methods that start with `v2`. For a complete list of methods that you can override, please see ``__init__.py`` in the `lib/ansible/plugins/callback <https://github.com/ansible/ansible/tree/devel/lib/ansible/plugins/callback>`_ directory.
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The following example shows how Ansible's timer plugin is implemented::
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# Make coding more python3-ish
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from __future__ import (absolute_import, division, print_function)
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__metaclass__ = type
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from datetime import datetime
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from ansible.plugins.callback import CallbackBase
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class CallbackModule(CallbackBase):
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"""
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This callback module tells you how long your plays ran for.
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"""
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CALLBACK_VERSION = 2.0
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CALLBACK_TYPE = 'aggregate'
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CALLBACK_NAME = 'timer'
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CALLBACK_NEEDS_WHITELIST = True
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def __init__(self):
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super(CallbackModule, self).__init__()
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self.start_time = datetime.now()
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def days_hours_minutes_seconds(self, runtime):
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minutes = (runtime.seconds // 60) % 60
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r_seconds = runtime.seconds - (minutes * 60)
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return runtime.days, runtime.seconds // 3600, minutes, r_seconds
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def playbook_on_stats(self, stats):
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self.v2_playbook_on_stats(stats)
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def v2_playbook_on_stats(self, stats):
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end_time = datetime.now()
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runtime = end_time - self.start_time
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self._display.display("Playbook run took %s days, %s hours, %s minutes, %s seconds" % (self.days_hours_minutes_seconds(runtime)))
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Note that the CALLBACK_VERSION and CALLBACK_NAME definitons are required. If your callback plugin needs to write to stdout, you should define CALLBACK_TYPE = stdout in the subclass, and then the stdout plugin needs to be configured in `ansible.cfg` to override the default. For example::
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#stdout_callback = mycallbackplugin
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.. _developing_connection_type_plugins:
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Connection Type Plugins
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-----------------------
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By default, ansible ships with a 'paramiko' SSH, native ssh (just called 'ssh'), 'local' connection type, and there are also some minor players like 'chroot' and 'jail'. All of these can be used
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in playbooks and with /usr/bin/ansible to decide how you want to talk to remote machines. The basics of these connection types
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are covered in the :doc:`intro_getting_started` section. Should you want to extend Ansible to support other transports (SNMP? Message bus?
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Carrier Pigeon?) it's as simple as copying the format of one of the existing modules and dropping it into the connection plugins
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directory. The value of 'smart' for a connection allows selection of paramiko or openssh based on system capabilities, and chooses
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'ssh' if OpenSSH supports ControlPersist, in Ansible 1.2.1 and later. Previous versions did not support 'smart'.
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More documentation on writing connection plugins is pending, though you can jump into `lib/ansible/plugins/connection <https://github.com/ansible/ansible/tree/devel/lib/ansible/plugins/connection>`_ and figure things out pretty easily.
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.. _developing_lookup_plugins:
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Lookup Plugins
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--------------
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Language constructs like "with_fileglob" and "with_items" are implemented via lookup plugins. Just like other plugin types, you can write your own.
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More documentation on writing lookup plugins is pending, though you can jump into `lib/ansible/plugins/lookup <https://github.com/ansible/ansible/tree/devel/lib/ansible/plugins/lookup>`_ and figure
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things out pretty easily.
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.. _developing_vars_plugins:
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Vars Plugins
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------------
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Playbook constructs like 'host_vars' and 'group_vars' work via 'vars' plugins. They inject additional variable
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data into ansible runs that did not come from an inventory, playbook, or command line. Note that variables
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can also be returned from inventory, so in most cases, you won't need to write or understand vars_plugins.
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More documentation on writing vars plugins is pending, though you can jump into `lib/ansible/inventory/vars_plugins <https://github.com/ansible/ansible/tree/devel/lib/ansible/inventory/vars_plugins>`_ and figure
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things out pretty easily.
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If you find yourself wanting to write a vars_plugin, it's more likely you should write an inventory script instead.
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.. _developing_filter_plugins:
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Filter Plugins
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--------------
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If you want more Jinja2 filters available in a Jinja2 template (filters like to_yaml and to_json are provided by default), they can be extended by writing a filter plugin. Most of the time, when someone comes up with an idea for a new filter they would like to make available in a playbook, we'll just include them in 'core.py' instead.
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Jump into `lib/ansible/plugins/filter <https://github.com/ansible/ansible/tree/devel/lib/ansible/plugins/filter>`_ for details.
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.. _distributing_plugins:
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Distributing Plugins
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--------------------
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Plugins are loaded from both Python's site_packages (those that ship with ansible) and a configured plugins directory, which defaults
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to /usr/share/ansible/plugins, in a subfolder for each plugin type::
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* action
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* lookup
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* callback
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* connection
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* filter
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* strategy
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* cache
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* test
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* shell
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To change this path, edit the ansible configuration file.
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In addition, plugins can be shipped in a subdirectory relative to a top-level playbook, in folders named the same as indicated above.
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They can also be shipped as part of a role, in a subdirectory named as indicated above. The plugin will be availiable as soon as the role
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is called.
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.. seealso::
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:doc:`modules`
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List of built-in modules
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:doc:`developing_api`
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Learn about the Python API for task execution
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:doc:`developing_inventory`
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Learn about how to develop dynamic inventory sources
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:doc:`developing_modules`
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Learn about how to write Ansible modules
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`Mailing List <http://groups.google.com/group/ansible-devel>`_
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The development mailing list
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`irc.freenode.net <http://irc.freenode.net>`_
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#ansible IRC chat channel
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