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<div class="section" id="api-integrations">
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<h1>API & Integrations<a class="headerlink" href="#api-integrations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p>There are two major ways to use Ansible from an API perspective. The primary way
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is to use the Ansible python API to control nodes. Ansible is written in its own
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API so you have a considerable amount of power there.</p>
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<p>Also covered here, Ansible’s
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list of hosts, groups, and variables assigned to each host can be driven from
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external sources. We’ll start with the Python API.</p>
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<div class="section" id="python-api">
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<h2>Python API<a class="headerlink" href="#python-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The Python API is very powerful, and is how the ansible CLI and ansible-playbook
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are implemented.</p>
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<p>It’s pretty simple:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">ansible.runner</span>
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<span class="n">runner</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ansible</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runner</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Runner</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="n">module_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'ping'</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">module_args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">''</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">pattern</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'web*'</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">forks</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span>
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<span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="n">datastructure</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">runner</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>The run method returns results per host, grouped by whether they
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could be contacted or not. Return types are module specific, as
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expressed in the ‘ansible-modules’ documentation.:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>{
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"dark" : {
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"web1.example.com" : "failure message"
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}
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"contacted" : {
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"web2.example.com" : 1
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}
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}</pre>
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</div>
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<p>A module can return any type of JSON data it wants, so Ansible can
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be used as a framework to rapidly build powerful applications and scripts.</p>
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<div class="section" id="detailed-api-example">
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<h3>Detailed API Example<a class="headerlink" href="#detailed-api-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
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<p>The following script prints out the uptime information for all hosts:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#!/usr/bin/python</span>
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<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">ansible.runner</span>
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<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
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<span class="c"># construct the ansible runner and execute on all hosts</span>
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<span class="n">results</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ansible</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runner</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Runner</span><span class="p">(</span>
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<span class="n">pattern</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'*'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">forks</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span>
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<span class="n">module_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'command'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">module_args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'/usr/bin/uptime'</span><span class="p">],</span>
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<span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">results</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"No hosts found"</span>
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<span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"UP ***********"</span>
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<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hostname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">results</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'contacted'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="s">'failed'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> >>> </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hostname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'stdout'</span><span class="p">])</span>
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<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"FAILED *******"</span>
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<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hostname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">results</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'contacted'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="s">'failed'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> >>> </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hostname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'msg'</span><span class="p">])</span>
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<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"DOWN *********"</span>
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<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hostname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">results</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'dark'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s"> >>> </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hostname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>Advanced programmers may also wish to read the source to ansible itself, for
|
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it uses the Runner() API (with all available options) to implement the
|
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command line tools <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ansible</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ansible-playbook</span></tt>.</p>
|
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="external-inventory">
|
|
<h2>External Inventory<a class="headerlink" href="#external-inventory" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>Often a user of a configuration management system will want to keep inventory
|
|
in a different system. Frequent examples include LDAP, <a class="reference external" href="http://cobbler.github.com">Cobbler</a>,
|
|
or a piece of expensive enterprisey CMDB software. Ansible easily supports all
|
|
of these options via an external inventory system.</p>
|
|
<p>If you have a data store system where an Ansible external inventory script doesn’t already exist, this may require a little coding, but we have a <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/master/examples/scripts/cobbler_external_inventory.py">Cobbler example</a> in the main source tree – but it’s pretty simple, as we’ll explain below – that would provide a good starting point. Like with modules, it’s possible to build an external inventory script in any language, as long as it returns JSON.</p>
|
|
<p>If you are familiar with Puppet terminology, this concept is basically the same as ‘external nodes’, with the slight difference that it also defines which hosts are managed.</p>
|
|
<div class="section" id="script-conventions">
|
|
<h3>Script Conventions<a class="headerlink" href="#script-conventions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
|
<p>When the external node script is called with the single argument ‘–list’, the script must return a JSON hash/dictionary of all the groups to be managed, with a list of each host/IP as the value for each hash/dictionary element, like so:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{</span>
|
|
<span class="s">'databases'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s">'host1.example.com'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'host2.example.com'</span> <span class="p">],</span>
|
|
<span class="s">'webservers'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s">'host2.example.com'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'host3.example.com'</span> <span class="p">],</span>
|
|
<span class="s">'atlanta'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s">'host1.example.com'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'host4.example.com'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'host5.example.com'</span> <span class="p">]</span>
|
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<span class="p">}</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
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</div>
|
|
<p>When called with the arguments ‘–host <hostname>’ (where <hostname> is a host from above), the script must return either an empty JSON
|
|
hash/dictionary, or a list of key/value variables to make available to templates or playbooks. Returning variables is optional,
|
|
if the script does not wish to do this, returning an empty hash/dictionary is the way to go:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{</span>
|
|
<span class="s">'favcolor'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'red'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
<span class="s">'ntpserver'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'wolf.example.com'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
|
<span class="s">'monitoring'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">'pack.example.com'</span>
|
|
<span class="p">}</span>
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
</div>
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</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="example-the-cobbler-external-inventory-script">
|
|
<h3>Example: The Cobbler External Inventory Script<a class="headerlink" href="#example-the-cobbler-external-inventory-script" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
|
<p>It is expected that many Ansible users will also be <a class="reference external" href="http://cobbler.github.com">Cobbler</a> users. Cobbler has a generic
|
|
layer that allows it to represent data for multiple configuration management systems (even at the same time), and has
|
|
been referred to as a ‘lightweight CMDB’ by some admins. This particular script will communicate with Cobbler
|
|
using Cobbler’s XMLRPC API.</p>
|
|
<p>To tie Ansible’s inventory to Cobbler (optional), copy <cite>this script <https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/master/examples/scripts/cobbler_external_inventory.py></cite> to /etc/ansible/hosts and <cite>chmod +x</cite> the file. cobblerd will now need
|
|
to be running when you are using Ansible.</p>
|
|
<p>Test the file by running <cite>./etc/ansible/hosts</cite> directly. You should see some JSON data output, but it may not have
|
|
anything in it just yet.</p>
|
|
<p>Let’s explore what this does. In cobbler, assume a scenario somewhat like the following:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>cobbler profile add --name=webserver --distro=CentOS6-x86_64
|
|
cobbler profile edit --name=webserver --mgmt-classes="webserver" --ksmeta="a=2 b=3"
|
|
cobbler system edit --name=foo --dns-name="foo.example.com" --mgmt-classes="atlanta" --ksmeta="c=4"
|
|
cobbler system edit --name=bar --dns-name="bar.example.com" --mgmt-classes="atlanta" --ksmeta="c=5"</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>In the example above, the system ‘foo.example.com’ will be addressable by ansible directly, but will also be addressable when using the group names ‘webserver’ or ‘atlanta’. Since Ansible uses SSH, we’ll try to contract system foo over ‘foo.example.com’, only, never just ‘foo’. Similarly, if you try “ansible foo” it wouldn’t find the system... but “ansible ‘foo*’” would, because the system DNS name starts with ‘foo’.</p>
|
|
<p>The script doesn’t just provide host and group info. In addition, as a bonus, when the ‘setup’ module is run (which happens automatically when using playbooks), the variables ‘a’, ‘b’, and ‘c’ will all be auto-populated in the templates:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><pre># file: /srv/motd.j2
|
|
Welcome, I am templated with a value of a={{ a }}, b={{ b }}, and c={{ c }}</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Which could be executed just like this:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webserver -m setup
|
|
ansible webserver -m template -a "src=/tmp/motd.j2 dest=/etc/motd"</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Note that the name ‘webserver’ came from cobbler, as did the variables for the config file. You can still
|
|
pass in your own variables like normal in Ansible, but variables from the external inventory script will
|
|
override any that have the same name.</p>
|
|
<p>So, with the template above (motd.j2), this would result in the following data being written to /etc/motd for system ‘foo’:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>Welcome, I am templated with a value of a=2, b=3, and c=4</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>And on system ‘bar’ (bar.example.com):</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>Welcome, I am templated with a value of a=2, b=3, and c=5</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>And technically, though there is no major good reason to do it, this also works too:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible webserver -m shell -a "echo {{ a }}"</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>So in other words, you can use those variables in arguments/actions as well. You might use this to name
|
|
a conf.d file appropriately or something similar. Who knows?</p>
|
|
<p>So that’s the Cobbler integration support – using the cobbler script as an example, it should be trivial to adapt Ansible to pull inventory, as well as variable information, from any data source. If you create anything interesting, please share with the mailing list, and we can keep it in the source code tree for others to use.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="example-aws-ec2-external-inventory-script">
|
|
<h3>Example: AWS EC2 External Inventory Script<a class="headerlink" href="#example-aws-ec2-external-inventory-script" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
|
<p>If you use Amazon Web Services EC2, maintaining an inventory file might not be the best approach. For this reason, you can use the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/devel/examples/scripts/ec2_external_inventory.py">EC2 external inventory</a> script.</p>
|
|
<p>You can use this script in one of two ways. The easiest is to use Ansible’s <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-i</span></tt> command line option and specify the path to the script.</p>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<div>ansible -i examples/scripts/ec2_external_inventory.py -u ubuntu us-east-1d -m ping</div></blockquote>
|
|
<p>The second option is to copy the script to <cite>/etc/ansible/hosts</cite> and <cite>chmod +x</cite> it. You will also need to copy the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ec2.ini</span></tt> file to <cite>/etc/ansible/ec2.ini</cite>. Then you can run ansible as you would normally.</p>
|
|
<p>To successfully make an API call to AWS, you will need to configure Boto (the Python interface to AWS). There are a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pythonboto.org/en/latest/boto_config_tut.html">variety of methods</a> available, but the simplest is just to export two environment variables:</p>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<div>export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=’AK123’
|
|
export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=’abc123’</div></blockquote>
|
|
<p>You can test the script by itself to make sure your config is correct</p>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<div>cd examples/scripts
|
|
./ec2_external_inventory.py –list</div></blockquote>
|
|
<p>After a few moments, you should see your entire EC2 inventory across all regions in JSON.</p>
|
|
<p>Since each region requires its own API call, if you are only using a small set of regions, feel free to edit <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ec2.ini</span></tt> and list only the regions you are interested in. There are other config options in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ec2.ini</span></tt> including cache control, and destination variables.</p>
|
|
<p>At their heart, inventory files are simply a mapping from some name to a destination address. The default <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ec2.ini</span></tt> settings are configured for running Ansible from outside EC2 (from your laptop for example). If you are running Ansible from within EC2, internal DNS names and IP addresses may make more sense than public DNS names. In this case, you can modify the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">destination_variable</span></tt> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ec2.ini</span></tt> to be the private DNS name of an instance. This is particularly important when running Ansible within a private subnet inside a VPC, where the only way to access an instance is via its private IP address. For VPC instances, <cite>vpc_destination_variable</cite> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ec2.ini</span></tt> provides a means of using which ever <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pythonboto.org/en/latest/ref/ec2.html#module-boto.ec2.instance">boto.ec2.instance variable</a> makes the most sense for your use case.</p>
|
|
<p>The EC2 external inventory provides mappings to instances from several groups:</p>
|
|
<dl class="docutils">
|
|
<dt>Instance ID</dt>
|
|
<dd>These are groups of one since instance IDs are unique.
|
|
e.g.
|
|
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">i-00112233</span></tt>
|
|
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">i-a1b1c1d1</span></tt></dd>
|
|
<dt>Region</dt>
|
|
<dd>A group of all instances in an AWS region.
|
|
e.g.
|
|
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">us-east-1</span></tt>
|
|
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">us-west-2</span></tt></dd>
|
|
<dt>Availability Zone</dt>
|
|
<dd>A group of all instances in an availability zone.
|
|
e.g.
|
|
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">us-east-1a</span></tt>
|
|
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">us-east-1b</span></tt></dd>
|
|
<dt>Security Group</dt>
|
|
<dd>Instances belong to one or more security groups. A group is created for each security group, with all characters except alphanumerics, dashes (-) converted to underscores (_). Each group is prefixed by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">security_group_</span></tt>
|
|
e.g.
|
|
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">security_group_default</span></tt>
|
|
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">security_group_webservers</span></tt>
|
|
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">security_group_Pete_s_Fancy_Group</span></tt></dd>
|
|
<dt>Tags</dt>
|
|
<dd>Each instance can have a variety of key/value pairs associated with it called Tags. The most common tag key is ‘Name’, though anything is possible. Each key/value pair is its own group of instances, again with special characters converted to underscores, in the format <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tag_KEY_VALUE</span></tt>
|
|
e.g.
|
|
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tag_Name_Web</span></tt>
|
|
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tag_Name_redis-master-001</span></tt>
|
|
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tag_aws_cloudformation_logical-id_WebServerGroup</span></tt></dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
<p>When the Ansible is interacting with a specific server, the EC2 inventory script is called again with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--host</span> <span class="pre">HOST</span></tt> option. This looks up the HOST in the index cache to get the instance ID, and then makes an API call to AWS to get information about that specific instance. It then makes information about that instance available as variables to your playbooks. Each variable is prefixed by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ec2_</span></tt>. Here are some of the variables available:</p>
|
|
<ul class="simple">
|
|
<li>ec2_architecture</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_description</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_dns_name</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_id</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_image_id</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_instance_type</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_ip_address</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_kernel</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_key_name</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_launch_time</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_monitored</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_ownerId</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_placement</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_platform</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_previous_state</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_private_dns_name</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_private_ip_address</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_public_dns_name</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_ramdisk</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_region</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_root_device_name</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_root_device_type</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_security_group_ids</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_security_group_names</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_spot_instance_request_id</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_state</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_state_code</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_state_reason</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_status</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_subnet_id</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_tag_Name</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_tenancy</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_virtualization_type</li>
|
|
<li>ec2_vpc_id</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Both <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ec2_security_group_ids</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ec2_security_group_names</span></tt> are comma-separated lists of all security groups. Each EC2 tag is a variable in the format <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ec2_tag_KEY</span></tt>.</p>
|
|
<p>To see the complete list of variables available for an instance, run the script by itself:</p>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<div>cd examples/scripts
|
|
./ec2_external_inventory.py –host ec2-12-12-12-12.compute-1.amazonaws.com</div></blockquote>
|
|
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
|
|
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
|
|
<dl class="last docutils">
|
|
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html"><em>Ansible Modules</em></a></dt>
|
|
<dd>List of built-in modules</dd>
|
|
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://groups.google.com/group/ansible-project">Mailing List</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>Questions? Help? Ideas? Stop by the list on Google Groups</dd>
|
|
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://irc.freenode.net">irc.freenode.net</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>#ansible IRC chat channel</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
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</div>
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<p>
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© Copyright 2012 Michael DeHaan.<br/>
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Last updated on Jul 28, 2012.<br/>
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