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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Advanced Playbooks</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#accessing-complex-variable-data">Accessing Complex Variable Data</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#accessing-information-about-other-hosts">Accessing Information About Other Hosts</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#magic-variables">Magic Variables</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#variable-file-seperation">Variable File Seperation</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#prompting-for-sensitive-data">Prompting For Sensitive Data</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#passing-variables-on-the-command-line">Passing Variables On The Command Line</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#loop-shorthand">Loop Shorthand</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#asynchronous-actions-and-polling">Asynchronous Actions and Polling</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#local-playbooks">Local Playbooks</a></li>
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<br/>
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<div class="section" id="advanced-playbooks">
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<h1>Advanced Playbooks<a class="headerlink" href="#advanced-playbooks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p>Here are some advanced features of the playbooks language. Using all of these features
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are not neccessary, but many of them will prove useful. If a feature doesn’t seem immediately
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relevant, feel free to skip it. For many people, the features documented in <cite>playbooks</cite> will
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be 90% or more of what they use in Ansible.</p>
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<div class="section" id="accessing-complex-variable-data">
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<h2>Accessing Complex Variable Data<a class="headerlink" href="#accessing-complex-variable-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Some provided facts, like networking information, are made available as nested datastructures. To access
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them a simple ‘$foo’ is not sufficient, but it is still easy to do. Here’s how we get an IP address using
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Ansible 0.4 and later:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>${ansible_eth0.ipv4.address}</pre>
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</div>
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<p>It is also possible to access variables whose elements are arrays:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>${somelist[0]}</pre>
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</div>
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<p>And the array and hash reference syntaxes can be mixed.</p>
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<p>In templates, the simple access form still holds, but they can also be accessed from Jinja2 in more Python-native ways if
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that is preferred:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>{{ ansible_eth0["ipv4"]["address"] }}</pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="accessing-information-about-other-hosts">
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<h2>Accessing Information About Other Hosts<a class="headerlink" href="#accessing-information-about-other-hosts" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>If your database server wants to check the value of a ‘fact’ from another node, or an inventory variable
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assigned to another node, it’s easy to do so within a template or even an action line (note: this uses syntax available in 0.4 and later):</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>${hostvars.hostname.factname}</pre>
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</div>
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<p>NOTE: No database or other complex system is required to exchange data between hosts. The hosts that you
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want to reference data from must be included in either the current play or any previous play.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="magic-variables">
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<h2>Magic Variables<a class="headerlink" href="#magic-variables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Some variables made available to hosts don’t come from definitions in a playbook, the inventory file, or discovery from the system. There are only two of these, and are used in special cases that many users won’t need.</p>
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<p><cite>groups</cite> is a list (array) of all the groups the current host is in. This can be used in templates using Jinja2
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syntax to make template source files that vary based on the group membership (or role) of the host:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>{% if 'webserver' in groups %}
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# some part of a configuration file that only applies to webservers
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{% endif %}</pre>
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</div>
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<p><cite>inventory_hostname</cite> is the name of the hostname as configured in Ansible’s inventory host file. This can
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be useful for when you don’t want to rely on the discovered hostname <cite>ansible_hostname</cite> or for other mysterious
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reasons. Don’t worry about it unless you think you need it.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="variable-file-seperation">
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<h2>Variable File Seperation<a class="headerlink" href="#variable-file-seperation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>It’s a great idea to keep your playbooks under source control, but
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you may wish to make the playbook source public while keeping certain
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important variables private. Similarly, sometimes you may just
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want to keep certain information in different files, away from
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the main playbook.</p>
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<p>You can do this by using an external variables file, or files, just like this:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
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- hosts: all
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user: root
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vars:
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favcolor: blue
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vars_files:
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- /vars/external_vars.yml
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tasks:
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- name: this is just a placeholder
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action: command /bin/echo foo</pre>
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</div>
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<p>This removes the risk of sharing sensitive data with others when
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sharing your playbook source with them.</p>
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<p>The contents of each variables file is a simple YAML dictionary, like this:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
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# in the above example, this would be vars/external_vars.yml
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somevar: somevalue
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password: magic</pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="prompting-for-sensitive-data">
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<h2>Prompting For Sensitive Data<a class="headerlink" href="#prompting-for-sensitive-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>You may wish to prompt the user for certain input, and can
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do so with the similarly named ‘vars_prompt’ section. This has uses
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beyond security, for instance, you may use the same playbook for all
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software releases and would prompt for a particular release version
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in a push-script:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
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- hosts: all
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user: root
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vars:
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from: "camelot"
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vars_prompt:
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name: "what is your name?"
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quest: "what is your quest?"
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favcolor: "what is your favorite color?"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>There are full examples of both of these items in the github examples/playbooks directory.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="passing-variables-on-the-command-line">
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<h2>Passing Variables On The Command Line<a class="headerlink" href="#passing-variables-on-the-command-line" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>In addition to <cite>vars_prompt</cite> and <cite>vars_files</cite>, it is possible to send variables over
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the ansible command line. This is particularly useful when writing a generic release playbook
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where you may want to pass in the version of the application to deploy:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible-playbook release.yml --extra-vars "version=1.23.45 other_variable=foo"</pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="conditional-execution">
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<h2>Conditional Execution<a class="headerlink" href="#conditional-execution" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Sometimes you will want to skip a particular step on a particular host. This could be something
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as simple as not installing a certain package if the operating system is a particular version,
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or it could be something like performing some cleanup steps if a filesystem is getting full.</p>
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<p>This is easy to do in Ansible, with the <cite>only_if</cite> clause, which actually is a Python expression.
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Don’t panic – it’s actually pretty simple:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>vars:
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favcolor: blue
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is_favcolor_blue: "'$favcolor' == 'blue'"
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is_centos: "'$facter_operatingsystem' == 'CentOS'"
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tasks:
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- name: "shutdown if my favorite color is blue"
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action: command /sbin/shutdown -t now
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only_if: '$is_favcolor_blue'</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Variables from tools like <cite>facter</cite> and <cite>ohai</cite> can be used here, if installed, or you can
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use variables that bubble up from ansible (0.3 and later). As a reminder,
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these variables are prefixed, so it’s <cite>$facter_operatingsystem</cite>, not <cite>$operatingsystem</cite>. Ansible’s
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built in variables are prefixed with <cite>ansible_</cite>. The only_if
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expression is actually a tiny small bit of Python, so be sure to quote variables and make something
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that evaluates to <cite>True</cite> or <cite>False</cite>. It is a good idea to use ‘vars_files’ instead of ‘vars’ to define
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all of your conditional expressions in a way that makes them very easy to reuse between plays
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and playbooks.</p>
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</div>
|
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<div class="section" id="conditional-imports">
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<h2>Conditional Imports<a class="headerlink" href="#conditional-imports" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
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<p>Sometimes you will want to do certain things differently in a playbook based on certain criteria.
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Having one playbook that works on multiple platforms and OS versions is a good example.</p>
|
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<p>As an example, the name of the Apache package may be different between CentOS and Debian,
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but it is easily handled with a minimum of syntax in an Ansible Playbook:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
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- hosts: all
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user: root
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vars_files:
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- "vars/common.yml"
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- [ "vars/$facter_operatingsystem.yml", "vars/os_defaults.yml" ]
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tasks:
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- name: make sure apache is running
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action: service name=$apache state=running</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Note that a variable (<cite>$facter_operatingsystem</cite>) is being interpolated into the list of
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filenames being defined for vars_files.</p>
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<p>As a reminder, the various YAML files contain just keys and values:</p>
|
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
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# for vars/CentOS.yml
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apache: httpd
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somethingelse: 42</pre>
|
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</div>
|
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<p>How does this work? If the operating system was ‘CentOS’, the first file Ansible would try to import
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would be ‘vars/CentOS.yml’, followed up by ‘/vars/os_defaults.yml’ if that file
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did not exist. If no files in the list were found, an error would be raised.
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On Debian, it would instead first look towards ‘vars/Debian.yml’ instead of ‘vars/CentOS.yml’, before
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falling back on ‘vars/os_defaults.yml’. Pretty simple.</p>
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<p>To use this conditional import feature, you’ll need facter or ohai installed prior to running the playbook, but
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you can of course push this out with Ansible if you like:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre># for facter
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ansible -m yum -a "pkg=facter ensure=installed"
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ansible -m yum -a "pkg=ruby-json ensure=installed"
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|
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# for ohai
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ansible -m yum -a "pkg=ohai ensure=installed"</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Ansible’s approach to configuration – seperating variables from tasks, keeps your playbooks
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from turning into arbitrary code with ugly nested ifs, conditionals, and so on - and results
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|
in more streamlined & auditable configuration rules – especially because there are a
|
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minimum of decision points to track.</p>
|
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</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="loop-shorthand">
|
|
<h2>Loop Shorthand<a class="headerlink" href="#loop-shorthand" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>To save some typing, repeated tasks can be written in short-hand like so:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>- name: add user $item
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action: user name=$item state=present groups=wheel
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with_items:
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- testuser1
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- testuser2</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The above would be the equivalent of:</p>
|
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>- name: add user testuser1
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action: user name=testuser1 state=present groups=wheel
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- name: add user testuser2
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action: user name=testuser2 state=present groups=wheel</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>In a future release, the yum and apt modules will use with_items to execute fewer package
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manager transactions.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="selecting-files-and-templates-based-on-variables">
|
|
<h2>Selecting Files And Templates Based On Variables<a class="headerlink" href="#selecting-files-and-templates-based-on-variables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>Sometimes a configuration file you want to copy, or a template you will use may depend on a variable.
|
|
The following construct (new in 0.4) selects the first available file appropriate for the variables of a given host,
|
|
which is often much cleaner than putting a lot of if conditionals in a template.</p>
|
|
<p>The following example shows how to template out a configuration file that was very different between, say,
|
|
CentOS and Debian:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>- name: template a file
|
|
action: template src=$item dest=/etc/myapp/foo.conf
|
|
first_available_file:
|
|
- /srv/templates/myapp/${ansible_distribution}.conf
|
|
- /srv/templates/myapp/default.conf</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="asynchronous-actions-and-polling">
|
|
<h2>Asynchronous Actions and Polling<a class="headerlink" href="#asynchronous-actions-and-polling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>By default tasks in playbooks block, meaning the connections stay open
|
|
until the task is done on each node. If executing playbooks with
|
|
a small parallelism value (aka <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--forks</span></tt>), you may wish that long
|
|
running operations can go faster. The easiest way to do this is
|
|
to kick them off all at once and then poll until they are done.</p>
|
|
<p>You will also want to use asynchronous mode on very long running
|
|
operations that might be subject to timeout.</p>
|
|
<p>To launch a task asynchronously, specify its maximum runtime
|
|
and how frequently you would like to poll for status. The default
|
|
poll value is 10 seconds if you do not specify a value for <cite>poll</cite>:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
|
|
- hosts: all
|
|
user: root
|
|
tasks:
|
|
- name: simulate long running op (15 sec), wait for up to 45, poll every 5
|
|
action: command /bin/sleep 15
|
|
async: 45
|
|
poll: 5</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonition note">
|
|
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
|
|
<p class="last">There is no default for the async time limit. If you leave off the
|
|
‘async’ keyword, the task runs synchronously, which is Ansible’s
|
|
default.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Alternatively, if you do not need to wait on the task to complete, you may
|
|
“fire and forget” by specifying a poll value of 0:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
|
|
- hosts: all
|
|
user: root
|
|
tasks:
|
|
- name: simulate long running op, allow to run for 45, fire and forget
|
|
action: command /bin/sleep 15
|
|
async: 45
|
|
poll: 0</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonition note">
|
|
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
|
|
<p class="last">You shouldn’t “fire and forget” with operations that require
|
|
exclusive locks, such as yum transactions, if you expect to run other
|
|
commands later in the playbook against those same resources.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="admonition note">
|
|
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
|
|
<p class="last">Using a higher value for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--forks</span></tt> will result in kicking off asynchronous
|
|
tasks even faster. This also increases the efficiency of polling.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="local-playbooks">
|
|
<h2>Local Playbooks<a class="headerlink" href="#local-playbooks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>It may be useful to use a playbook locally, rather than by connecting over SSH. This can be useful
|
|
for assuring the configuration of a system by putting a playbook on a crontab. This may also be used
|
|
to run a playbook inside a OS installer, such as an Anaconda kickstart.</p>
|
|
<p>To run an entire playbook locally, just set the “hosts:” line to “hosts:127.0.0.1” and then run the playbook like so:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible-playbook playbook.yml --connection=local</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Alternatively, a local connection can be used in a single playbook play, even if other plays in the playbook
|
|
use the default remote connection type:</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>hosts: 127.0.0.1
|
|
connection: local</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="section" id="pull-mode-playbooks">
|
|
<h2>Pull-Mode Playbooks<a class="headerlink" href="#pull-mode-playbooks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|
<p>The use of playbooks in local mode (above) is made extremely powerful with the addition of <cite>ansible-pull</cite> in the
|
|
0.4 release. A script for setting up ansible-pull is provided in the examples/playbooks directory of the source
|
|
checkout.</p>
|
|
<p>The basic idea is to use Ansible to set up a remote copy of ansible on each managed node, each set to run via
|
|
cron and update playbook source via git. This interverts the default push architecture of ansible into a pull
|
|
architecture, which has near-limitless scaling potential. The setup playbook can be tuned to change
|
|
the cron frequency, logging locations, and parameters to ansible-pull.</p>
|
|
<p>This is useful both for extreme scale-out as well as periodic remediation. Usage of the ‘fetch’ module to retrieve
|
|
logs from ansible-pull runs would be an excellent way to gather and analyze remote logs from ansible-pull.</p>
|
|
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
|
|
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
|
|
<dl class="last docutils">
|
|
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="YAMLSyntax.html"><em>YAML Syntax</em></a></dt>
|
|
<dd>Learn about YAML syntax</dd>
|
|
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="playbooks.html"><em>Playbooks</em></a></dt>
|
|
<dd>Review the basic playbook features</dd>
|
|
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="bestpractices.html"><em>Best Practices</em></a></dt>
|
|
<dd>Various tips about playbooks in the real world</dd>
|
|
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html"><em>Ansible Modules</em></a></dt>
|
|
<dd>Learn about available modules</dd>
|
|
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="moduledev.html"><em>Module Development</em></a></dt>
|
|
<dd>Learn how to extend Ansible by writing your own modules</dd>
|
|
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="patterns.html"><em>Inventory & Patterns</em></a></dt>
|
|
<dd>Learn about how to select hosts</dd>
|
|
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/ansible/ansible/tree/master/examples/playbooks">Github examples directory</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>Complete playbook files from the github project source</dd>
|
|
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://groups.google.com/group/ansible-project">Mailing List</a></dt>
|
|
<dd>Questions? Help? Ideas? Stop by the list on Google Groups</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
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|
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<p>
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© Copyright 2012 Michael DeHaan.<br/>
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Last updated on May 13, 2012.<br/>
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