Developing Plugins ================== .. contents:: Topics Plugins are pieces of code that augment Ansible's core functionality. Ansible ships with a number of handy plugins, and you can easily write your own. The following types of plugins are available: - *Action* plugins, are 'front ends' to modules and can execute actions on the controller before calling the modules themselves. - *Cache* plugins, are used to keep a cache of 'facts' to avoid costly fact gathering operations. - *Callback* plugins enable you to hook into Ansible events for display or logging purposes. - *Connection* plugins define how to communicate with inventory hosts. - *Filters* plugins allow you to manipulate data inside Ansible plays and/or templates. This is a Jinja2 feature, Ansible ships extra ones. - *Lookup* plugins are used to pull data from an external source. These are implemented using a custom Jinja2 function. - *Strategy* plugins control the flow of a play and execution logic. - *Shell* plugins deal with low level commands and formatting for the different shells Ansible can encounter on remote hosts. - *Test* plugins allow you to validate data inside Ansible plays and/or templates. This is a Jinja2 feature, Ansible ships extra ones. - *Vars* plugins inject additional variable data into Ansible runs that did not come from an inventory, playbook, or the command line. This section describes the various types of plugins and how to implement them. .. _developing_callbacks: Callback Plugins ---------------- Callback plugins enable adding new behaviors to Ansible when responding to events. By default they are in charge of most of the output you see when running the command line programs. .. _callback_examples: Example Callback Plugins ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Ansible comes with a number of callback plugins that you can look at for examples. These can be found in `lib/ansible/plugins/callback `_. The `log_plays `_ callback is an example of how to intercept playbook events to a log file, and the `mail `_ callback sends email when playbooks complete. The `osx_say `_ callback provided is particularly entertaining -- it will respond with computer synthesized speech on OS X in relation to playbook events, and is guaranteed to entertain and/or annoy coworkers. .. _configuring_callbacks: Configuring Callback Plugins ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ You have a couple of ways to activate a custom callback. You can drop it in a callback_plugins directory adjacent to your play or inside a role. Also you can put it in one of the callback directory sources configured in `ansible.cfg`. Plugins are loaded in alphanumeric order; for example, a plugin implemented in a file named `1_first.py` would run before a plugin file named `2_second.py`. Most callbacks shipped with Ansible are disabled by default and need to be whitelisted in your `ansible.cfg` file in order to function. For example:: #callback_whitelist = timer, mail, mycallbackplugin Managing stdout ``````````````` You can only have one plugin be the main manager of your console output. If you want to replace the default, you should define CALLBACK_TYPE = stdout in the subclass and then the stdout plugin needs to be configured in `ansible.cfg`. For example:: #stdout_callback = mycallbackplugin .. _callback_development: Developing Callback Plugins +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Callback plugins are created by creating a new class with the Base(Callbacks) class as the parent:: from ansible.plugins.callback import CallbackBase from ansible import constants as C class CallbackModule(CallbackBase): From there, override the specific methods from the CallbackBase that you want to provide a callback for. For plugins intended for use with Ansible version 2.0 and later, you should only override methods that start with `v2`. For a complete list of methods that you can override, please see ``__init__.py`` in the `lib/ansible/plugins/callback `_ directory. The following example shows how Ansible's timer plugin is implemented:: # Make coding more python3-ish from __future__ import (absolute_import, division, print_function) __metaclass__ = type from datetime import datetime from ansible.plugins.callback import CallbackBase class CallbackModule(CallbackBase): """ This callback module tells you how long your plays ran for. """ CALLBACK_VERSION = 2.0 CALLBACK_TYPE = 'aggregate' CALLBACK_NAME = 'timer' CALLBACK_NEEDS_WHITELIST = True def __init__(self): super(CallbackModule, self).__init__() self.start_time = datetime.now() def days_hours_minutes_seconds(self, runtime): minutes = (runtime.seconds // 60) % 60 r_seconds = runtime.seconds - (minutes * 60) return runtime.days, runtime.seconds // 3600, minutes, r_seconds def playbook_on_stats(self, stats): self.v2_playbook_on_stats(stats) def v2_playbook_on_stats(self, stats): end_time = datetime.now() runtime = end_time - self.start_time self._display.display("Playbook run took %s days, %s hours, %s minutes, %s seconds" % (self.days_hours_minutes_seconds(runtime))) Note that the CALLBACK_VERSION and CALLBACK_NAME definitons are required for properly functioning plugins for Ansible >=2.0. .. _developing_connection_plugins: Connection Plugins ------------------ By default, ansible ships with a 'paramiko' SSH, native ssh (just called 'ssh'), 'local' connection type, and there are also some minor players like 'chroot' and 'jail'. All of these can be used in playbooks and with /usr/bin/ansible to decide how you want to talk to remote machines. The basics of these connection types are covered in the :doc:`intro_getting_started` section. Should you want to extend Ansible to support other transports (SNMP? Message bus? Carrier Pigeon?) it's as simple as copying the format of one of the existing modules and dropping it into the connection plugins directory. The value of 'smart' for a connection allows selection of paramiko or openssh based on system capabilities, and chooses 'ssh' if OpenSSH supports ControlPersist, in Ansible 1.2.1 and later. Previous versions did not support 'smart'. More documentation on writing connection plugins is pending, though you can jump into `lib/ansible/plugins/connection `_ and figure things out pretty easily. .. _developing_lookup_plugins: Lookup Plugins -------------- Lookup plugins are used to pull in data from external sources. They can be used within playbooks and templates to return values for variables or other expressions. Also they are used for looping - playbook language constructs like "with_fileglob" and "with_items" are implemented via lookup plugins. Here's a simple lookup plugin implementation - this lookup returns the contents of a text file as a variable:: from ansible.errors import AnsibleError, AnsibleParserError from ansible.plugins.lookup import LookupBase try: from __main__ import display except ImportError: from ansible.utils.display import Display display = Display() class LookupModule(LookupBase): def run(self, terms, variables=None, **kwargs): ret = [] for term in terms: display.debug("File lookup term: %s" % term) # Find the file in the expected search path lookupfile = self.find_file_in_search_path(variables, 'files', term) display.vvvv(u"File lookup using %s as file" % lookupfile) try: if lookupfile: contents, show_data = self._loader._get_file_contents(lookupfile) ret.append(contents.rstrip()) else: raise AnsibleParserError() except AnsibleParserError: raise AnsibleError("could not locate file in lookup: %s" % term) return ret An example of how this lookup is called:: --- - hosts: all vars: contents: "{{ lookup('file', '/etc/foo.txt') }}" tasks: - debug: msg="the value of foo.txt is {{ contents }} as seen today {{ lookup('pipe', 'date +"%Y-%m-%d"') }}" Errors encountered during execution should be returned by raising AnsibleError() with a message describing the error. Any strings returned by your lookup plugin implementation that could ever contain non-ASCII characters must be converted into Python's unicode type becasue the strings will be run through jinja2. To do this, you can use:: from ansible.module_utils._text import to_text result_string = to_text(result_string) For more example lookup plugins, check out the source code for the lookup plugins that are included with Ansible here: `lib/ansible/plugins/lookup `_. For usage examples of lookup plugins, see `Using Lookups `_. .. _developing_vars_plugins: Vars Plugins ------------ Playbook constructs like 'host_vars' and 'group_vars' work via 'vars' plugins. They inject additional variable data into ansible runs that did not come from an inventory, playbook, or command line. Note that variables can also be returned from inventory, so in most cases, you won't need to write or understand vars_plugins. More documentation on writing vars plugins is pending, though you can jump into `lib/ansible/inventory/vars_plugins `_ and figure things out pretty easily. If you find yourself wanting to write a vars_plugin, it's more likely you should write an inventory script instead. .. _developing_filter_plugins: Filter Plugins -------------- These plugins are for manipulating data, they are a feature of Jinja2 and are also available in Jinja2 templates used by the `template` module. As all plugins, they can be easily extended, but instead of having a file for each one you can have several per file, most of those shipped with Ansible reside in a `core.py`. Jump into `lib/ansible/plugins/filter `_ for details. .. _developing_test_plugins: Test Plugins ------------ These plugins are for verifying data, they are a feature of Jinja2 and are also available in Jinja2 templates used by the `template` module. As all plugins, they can be easily extended, but instead of having a file for each one you can have several per file, most of those shipped with Ansible reside in a `core.py`. These are specially useful in conjunction with some filter plugins like `map` and `select`, they are also available for conditional directives (`when:`). Jump into `lib/ansible/plugins/filter `_ for details. .. _distributing_plugins: Distributing Plugins -------------------- Plugins are loaded from the library installed path and configured plugins directory (check your `ansible.cfg`). These can vary depending on how you installed Ansible (pip, rpm, deb, etc) and even then again by the OS/Distribution/Packager. Also they are automatically loaded when you have one of the following subfolders adjacent to your playbook or inside a role:: * action_plugins * lookup_plugins * callback_plugins * connection_plugins * filter_plugins * strategy_plugins * cache_plugins * test_plugins * shell_plugins When shipped as part of a role, the plugin will be available as soon as the role is called in the play. .. seealso:: :doc:`modules` List of built-in modules :doc:`developing_api` Learn about the Python API for task execution :doc:`developing_inventory` Learn about how to develop dynamic inventory sources :doc:`developing_modules` Learn about how to write Ansible modules `Mailing List `_ The development mailing list `irc.freenode.net `_ #ansible IRC chat channel