.. _developing_modules_general: .. _module_dev_tutorial_sample: ******************************************* Ansible module development: getting started ******************************************* A module is a reusable, standalone script that Ansible runs on your behalf, either locally or remotely. Modules interact with your local machine, an API, or a remote system to perform specific tasks like changing a database password or spinning up a cloud instance. Each module can be used by the Ansible API, or by the :command:`ansible` or :command:`ansible-playbook` programs. A module provides a defined interface, accepting arguments and returning information to Ansible by printing a JSON string to stdout before exiting. Ansible ships with thousands of modules, and you can easily write your own. If you're writing a module for local use, you can choose any programming language and follow your own rules. This tutorial illustrates how to get started developing an Ansible module in Python. .. contents:: Topics :local: .. _environment_setup: Environment setup ================= Prerequisites via apt (Ubuntu) ------------------------------ Due to dependencies (for example ansible -> paramiko -> pynacl -> libffi): .. code:: bash sudo apt update sudo apt install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python-dev Common environment setup ------------------------------ 1. Clone the Ansible repository: ``$ git clone https://github.com/ansible/ansible.git`` 2. Change directory into the repository root dir: ``$ cd ansible`` 3. Create a virtual environment: ``$ python3 -m venv venv`` (or for Python 2 ``$ virtualenv venv``. Note, this requires you to install the virtualenv package: ``$ pip install virtualenv``) 4. Activate the virtual environment: ``$ . venv/bin/activate`` 5. Install development requirements: ``$ pip install -r requirements.txt`` 6. Run the environment setup script for each new dev shell process: ``$ . hacking/env-setup`` .. note:: After the initial setup above, every time you are ready to start developing Ansible you should be able to just run the following from the root of the Ansible repo: ``$ . venv/bin/activate && . hacking/env-setup`` Starting a new module ===================== To create a new module: 1. Navigate to the correct directory for your new module: ``$ cd lib/ansible/modules/cloud/azure/`` 2. Create your new module file: ``$ touch my_new_test_module.py`` 3. Paste the content below into your new module file. It includes the :ref:`required Ansible format and documentation ` and some example code. 4. Modify and extend the code to do what you want your new module to do. See the :ref:`programming tips ` and :ref:`Python 3 compatibility ` pages for pointers on writing clean, concise module code. .. code:: python #!/usr/bin/python # Copyright: (c) 2018, Terry Jones # GNU General Public License v3.0+ (see COPYING or https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.txt) ANSIBLE_METADATA = { 'metadata_version': '1.1', 'status': ['preview'], 'supported_by': 'community' } DOCUMENTATION = ''' --- module: my_sample_module short_description: This is my sample module version_added: "2.4" description: - "This is my longer description explaining my sample module" options: name: description: - This is the message to send to the sample module required: true new: description: - Control to demo if the result of this module is changed or not required: false extends_documentation_fragment: - azure author: - Your Name (@yourhandle) ''' EXAMPLES = ''' # Pass in a message - name: Test with a message my_new_test_module: name: hello world # pass in a message and have changed true - name: Test with a message and changed output my_new_test_module: name: hello world new: true # fail the module - name: Test failure of the module my_new_test_module: name: fail me ''' RETURN = ''' original_message: description: The original name param that was passed in type: str message: description: The output message that the sample module generates ''' from ansible.module_utils.basic import AnsibleModule def run_module(): # define available arguments/parameters a user can pass to the module module_args = dict( name=dict(type='str', required=True), new=dict(type='bool', required=False, default=False) ) # seed the result dict in the object # we primarily care about changed and state # change is if this module effectively modified the target # state will include any data that you want your module to pass back # for consumption, for example, in a subsequent task result = dict( changed=False, original_message='', message='' ) # the AnsibleModule object will be our abstraction working with Ansible # this includes instantiation, a couple of common attr would be the # args/params passed to the execution, as well as if the module # supports check mode module = AnsibleModule( argument_spec=module_args, supports_check_mode=True ) # if the user is working with this module in only check mode we do not # want to make any changes to the environment, just return the current # state with no modifications if module.check_mode: return result # manipulate or modify the state as needed (this is going to be the # part where your module will do what it needs to do) result['original_message'] = module.params['name'] result['message'] = 'goodbye' # use whatever logic you need to determine whether or not this module # made any modifications to your target if module.params['new']: result['changed'] = True # during the execution of the module, if there is an exception or a # conditional state that effectively causes a failure, run # AnsibleModule.fail_json() to pass in the message and the result if module.params['name'] == 'fail me': module.fail_json(msg='You requested this to fail', **result) # in the event of a successful module execution, you will want to # simple AnsibleModule.exit_json(), passing the key/value results module.exit_json(**result) def main(): run_module() if __name__ == '__main__': main() Exercising your module code =========================== Once you've modified the sample code above to do what you want, you can try out your module. Our :ref:`debugging tips ` will help if you run into bugs as you exercise your module code. Exercising module code locally ------------------------------ If you module does not need to target a remote host, you can quickly and easily exercise you code locally like this: - Create an arguments file, a basic JSON config file that passes parameters to your module so you can run it. Name the arguments file ``/tmp/args.json`` and add the following content: .. code:: json { "ANSIBLE_MODULE_ARGS": { "name": "hello", "new": true } } - If you are using a virtual environment (highly recommended for development) activate it: ``$ . venv/bin/activate`` - Setup the environment for development: ``$ . hacking/env-setup`` - Run your test module locally and directly: ``$ python ./my_new_test_module.py /tmp/args.json`` This should return output something like this: .. code:: json {"changed": true, "state": {"original_message": "hello", "new_message": "goodbye"}, "invocation": {"module_args": {"name": "hello", "new": true}}} Exercising module code in a playbook ------------------------------------ The next step in testing your new module is to consume it with an Ansible playbook. - Create a playbook in any directory: ``$ touch testmod.yml`` - Add the following to the new playbook file:: - name: test my new module hosts: localhost tasks: - name: run the new module my_new_test_module: name: 'hello' new: true register: testout - name: dump test output debug: msg: '{{ testout }}' - Run the playbook and analyze the output: ``$ ansible-playbook ./testmod.yml`` Testing basics ==================== These two examples will get you started with testing your module code. Please review our :ref:`testing ` section for more detailed information, including instructions for :ref:`testing module documentation `, adding :ref:`integration tests `, and more. Sanity tests ------------ You can run through Ansible's sanity checks in a container: ``$ ansible-test sanity -v --docker --python 2.7 MODULE_NAME`` Note that this example requires Docker to be installed and running. If you'd rather not use a container for this, you can choose to use ``--tox`` instead of ``--docker``. Unit tests ---------- You can add unit tests for your module in ``./test/units/modules``. You must first setup your testing environment. In this example, we're using Python 3.5. - Install the requirements (outside of your virtual environment): ``$ pip3 install -r ./test/runner/requirements/units.txt`` - To run all tests do the following: ``$ ansible-test units --python 3.5`` (you must run ``. hacking/env-setup`` prior to this) .. note:: Ansible uses pytest for unit testing. To run pytest against a single test module, you can do the following (provide the path to the test module appropriately): ``$ pytest -r a --cov=. --cov-report=html --fulltrace --color yes test/units/modules/.../test/my_new_test_module.py`` Contributing back to Ansible ============================ If you would like to contribute to the main Ansible repository by adding a new feature or fixing a bug, `create a fork `_ of the Ansible repository and develop against a new feature branch using the ``devel`` branch as a starting point. When you you have a good working code change, you can submit a pull request to the Ansible repository by selecting your feature branch as a source and the Ansible devel branch as a target. If you want to contribute your module back to the upstream Ansible repo, review our :ref:`submission checklist `, :ref:`programming tips `, and :ref:`strategy for maintaining Python 2 and Python 3 compatibility `, as well as information about :ref:`testing ` before you open a pull request. The :ref:`Community Guide ` covers how to open a pull request and what happens next. Communication and development support ===================================== Join the IRC channel ``#ansible-devel`` on freenode for discussions surrounding Ansible development. For questions and discussions pertaining to using the Ansible product, use the ``#ansible`` channel. Credit ====== Thank you to Thomas Stringer (`@tstringer `_) for contributing source material for this topic.