improve ansible start up time for very large inventory

first off, we add an oddly slow basic test of 10k item inventory

Before:
```
Ran 229 tests in 13.214s

OK

real    0m13.403s
user    0m12.106s
sys 0m1.155s
```

After:
```
Ran 230 tests in 21.328s

OK

real    0m21.516s
user    0m20.099s
sys 0m1.275s
```

since that seems like a bit long for the test to add to runtime, lets profile

`python -m cProfile -s time ./bin/ansible all -i test/units/inventory_test_data/huge_range --list-hosts`

Before:
```
         1272607 function calls (1259689 primitive calls) in 8.497 seconds

   Ordered by: internal time

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
    10000    4.393    0.000    4.396    0.000 __init__.py:395(_get_host)
    20000    2.695    0.000    2.697    0.000 __init__.py:341(__append_host_to_results)
    40369    0.113    0.000    0.113    0.000 {posix.lstat}
    50006    0.102    0.000    0.153    0.000 __init__.py:1490(combine_vars)
    40008    0.089    0.000    0.202    0.000 __init__.py:1546(_load_vars_from_path)
    20195    0.088    0.000    0.088    0.000 {posix.stat}
    10011    0.087    0.000    0.087    0.000 {posix.getcwd}
```

The top two lines are promising optimization targets

- populate Inventory's host cache more in _get_host, as we are looping
  over all the groups anyways.

- eliminate duplicate check of whether we've already included a host
  in the construction around __append_host_to_results we can infer
  presence of a host in the results list implies the presence of its
  name in the hostnames set, allowing us to only to the less expensive
  of the two checks

After:
```
         1252610 function calls (1239692 primitive calls) in 1.320 seconds

   Ordered by: internal time

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
    40369    0.105    0.000    0.105    0.000 {posix.lstat}
    50006    0.094    0.000    0.141    0.000 __init__.py:1490(combine_vars)
    40008    0.081    0.000    0.184    0.000 __init__.py:1546(_load_vars_from_path)
    10011    0.080    0.000    0.080    0.000 {posix.getcwd}
    20195    0.074    0.000    0.074    0.000 {posix.stat}
    10002    0.069    0.000    0.261    0.000 __init__.py:1517(load_vars)
```

lib/ansible/inventory/__init__.py

@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ class Inventory(object):
         pattern = pattern.replace("!","").replace("&", "")
 
         def __append_host_to_results(host):
-            if host not in results and host.name not in hostnames:
+            if host.name not in hostnames:
                 hostnames.add(host.name)
                 results.append(host)
 
@@ -413,12 +413,13 @@ class Inventory(object):
                 if host.name in self.LOCALHOST_ALIASES:
                     return host
             return self._create_implicit_localhost(hostname)
-        else:
-            for group in self.groups:
-                for host in group.get_hosts():
-                    if hostname == host.name:
-                        return host
-        return None
+        matching_host = None
+        for group in self.groups:
+            for host in group.get_hosts():
+                if hostname == host.name:
+                    matching_host = host
+                self._hosts_cache[host.name] = host
+        return matching_host
 
     def get_group(self, groupname):
         for group in self.groups: