diff --git a/changelogs/fragments/ssh_raise_exception.yml b/changelogs/fragments/ssh_raise_exception.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f27235f268d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelogs/fragments/ssh_raise_exception.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+---
+bugfixes:
+  - ssh - Raise exception when sshpass returns error code (https://github.com/ansible/ansible/issues/58133).
diff --git a/lib/ansible/plugins/connection/ssh.py b/lib/ansible/plugins/connection/ssh.py
index 8207c606b5a..b7e868ce494 100644
--- a/lib/ansible/plugins/connection/ssh.py
+++ b/lib/ansible/plugins/connection/ssh.py
@@ -450,6 +450,7 @@ def _handle_error(
                               'Upgrade sshpass to use sshpass_prompt, or otherwise switch to ssh keys.'
                     raise AnsibleError('{0} {1}'.format(msg, details))
                 msg = '{0} {1}'.format(msg, details)
+            raise AnsibleConnectionFailure(msg)
 
     if return_tuple[0] == 255:
         SSH_ERROR = True