ansible/docs/docsite/rst/dev_guide/developing_collections.rst

.. _developing_collections:

**********************
Developing collections
**********************


Collections are a distribution format for Ansible content. You can use collections to package and distribute playbooks, roles, modules, and plugins.
You can publish and use collections through `Ansible Galaxy <https://galaxy.ansible.com>`_.

.. contents::
   :local:
   :depth: 2

.. _collection_structure:

Collection structure
====================

Collections follow a simple data structure. None of the directories are required unless you have specific content that belongs in one of them. A collection does require a ``galaxy.yml`` file at the root level of the collection. This file contains all of the metadata that Galaxy
and other tools need in order to package, build and publish the collection::

    collection/
    ├── docs/
    ├── galaxy.yml
    ├── plugins/
    │   ├── modules/
    │   │   └── module1.py
    │   ├── inventory/
    │   └── .../
    ├── README.md
    ├── roles/
    │   ├── role1/
    │   ├── role2/
    │   └── .../
    ├── playbooks/
    │   ├── files/
    │   ├── vars/
    │   ├── templates/
    │   └── tasks/
    └── tests/


.. note::
    * Ansible only accepts ``.yml`` extensions for :file:`galaxy.yml`, and ``.md`` for the :file:`README` file and any files in the :file:`/docs` folder.
    * See the `draft collection <https://github.com/bcoca/collection>`_ for an example of a full collection structure.
    * Not all directories are currently in use. Those are placeholders for future features.

.. _galaxy_yml:

galaxy.yml
----------

A collection must have a ``galaxy.yml`` file that contains the necessary information to build a collection artifact.
See :ref:`collections_galaxy_meta` for details.

.. _collections_doc_dir:

docs directory
---------------

Put general documentation for the collection here. Keep the specific documentation for plugins and modules embedded as Python docstrings. Use the ``docs`` folder to describe how to use the roles and plugins the collection provides, role requirements, and so on. Use markdown and do not add subfolders.

Use ``ansible-doc`` to view documentation for plugins inside a collection:

.. code-block:: bash

    ansible-doc -t lookup my_namespace.my_collection.lookup1

The ``ansible-doc`` command requires the fully qualified collection name (FQCN) to display specific plugin documentation. In this example, ``my_namespace`` is the namespace and ``my_collection`` is the collection name within that namespace.

.. note:: The Ansible collection namespace is defined in the ``galaxy.yml`` file and is not equivalent to the GitHub repository name.

.. _collections_plugin_dir:

plugins directory
------------------

Add a 'per plugin type' specific subdirectory here, including ``module_utils`` which is usable not only by modules, but by most plugins by using their FQCN. This is a way to distribute modules, lookups, filters, and so on, without having to import a role in every play.

Vars plugins are unsupported in collections. Cache plugins may be used in collections for fact caching, but are not supported for inventory plugins.

module_utils
^^^^^^^^^^^^

When coding with ``module_utils`` in a collection, the Python ``import`` statement needs to take into account the FQCN along with the ``ansible_collections`` convention. The resulting Python import will look like ``from ansible_collections.{namespace}.{collection}.plugins.module_utils.{util} import {something}``

The following example snippets show a Python and PowerShell module using both default Ansible ``module_utils`` and
those provided by a collection. In this example the namespace is ``ansible_example``, the collection is ``community``.
In the Python example the ``module_util`` in question is called ``qradar`` such that the FQCN is
``ansible_example.community.plugins.module_utils.qradar``:

.. code-block:: python

    from ansible.module_utils.basic import AnsibleModule
    from ansible.module_utils._text import to_text

    from ansible.module_utils.six.moves.urllib.parse import urlencode, quote_plus
    from ansible.module_utils.six.moves.urllib.error import HTTPError
    from ansible_collections.ansible_example.community.plugins.module_utils.qradar import QRadarRequest

    argspec = dict(
        name=dict(required=True, type='str'),
        state=dict(choices=['present', 'absent'], required=True),
    )

    module = AnsibleModule(
        argument_spec=argspec,
        supports_check_mode=True
    )

    qradar_request = QRadarRequest(
        module,
        headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"},
        not_rest_data_keys=['state']
    )

Note that importing something from an ``__init__.py`` file requires using the file name:

.. code-block:: python

    from ansible_collections.namespace.collection_name.plugins.callback.__init__ import CustomBaseClass

In the PowerShell example the ``module_util`` in question is called ``hyperv`` such that the FCQN is
``ansible_example.community.plugins.module_utils.hyperv``:

.. code-block:: powershell

    #!powershell
    #AnsibleRequires -CSharpUtil Ansible.Basic
    #AnsibleRequires -PowerShell ansible_collections.ansible_example.community.plugins.module_utils.hyperv

    $spec = @{
        name = @{ required = $true; type = "str" }
        state = @{ required = $true; choices = @("present", "absent") }
    }
    $module = [Ansible.Basic.AnsibleModule]::Create($args, $spec)

    Invoke-HyperVFunction -Name $module.Params.name

    $module.ExitJson()

.. _collections_roles_dir:

roles directory
----------------

Collection roles are mostly the same as existing roles, but with a couple of limitations:

 - Role names are now limited to contain only lowercase alphanumeric characters, plus ``_`` and start with an alpha character.
 - Roles in a collection cannot contain plugins any more. Plugins must live in the collection ``plugins`` directory tree. Each plugin is accessible to all roles in the collection.

The directory name of the role is used as the role name. Therefore, the directory name must comply with the
above role name rules.
The collection import into Galaxy will fail if a role name does not comply with these rules.

You can migrate 'traditional roles' into a collection but they must follow the rules above. You may need to rename roles if they don't conform. You will have to move or link any role-based plugins to the collection specific directories.

.. note::

    For roles imported into Galaxy directly from a GitHub repository, setting the ``role_name`` value in the role's
    metadata overrides the role name used by Galaxy. For collections, that value is ignored. When importing a
    collection, Galaxy uses the role directory as the name of the role and ignores the ``role_name`` metadata value.

playbooks directory
--------------------

TBD.

tests directory
----------------

Ansible Collections are tested much like Ansible itself, by using the
`ansible-test` utility which is released as part of Ansible, version 2.9.0 and
newer. Because Ansible Collections are tested using the same tooling as Ansible
itself, via `ansible-test`, all Ansible developer documentation for testing is
applicable for authoring Collections Tests with one key concept to keep in mind.

When reading the :ref:`developing_testing` documentation, there will be content
that applies to running Ansible from source code via a git clone, which is
typical of an Ansible developer. However, it's not always typical for an Ansible
Collection author to be running Ansible from source but instead from a stable
release, and to create Collections it is not necessary to run Ansible from
source. Therefore, when references of dealing with `ansible-test` binary paths,
command completion, or environment variables are presented throughout the
:ref:`developing_testing` documentation; keep in mind that it is not needed for
Ansible Collection Testing because the act of installing the stable release of
Ansible containing `ansible-test` is expected to setup those things for you.


.. _creating_collections:

Creating collections
======================

To create a collection:

#. Initialize a collection with :ref:`ansible-galaxy collection init<creating_collections_skeleton>` to create the skeleton directory structure.
#. Add your content to the collection.
#. Build the collection into a collection artifact with :ref:`ansible-galaxy collection build<building_collections>`.
#. Publish the collection artifact to Galaxy with :ref:`ansible-galaxy collection publish<publishing_collections>`.

A user can then install your collection on their systems.

Currently the ``ansible-galaxy collection`` command implements the following sub commands:

* ``init``: Create a basic collection skeleton based on the default template included with Ansible or your own template.
* ``build``: Create a collection artifact that can be uploaded to Galaxy or your own repository.
* ``publish``: Publish a built collection artifact to Galaxy.
* ``install``: Install one or more collections.

To learn more about the ``ansible-galaxy`` cli tool, see the :ref:`ansible-galaxy` man page.

.. _creating_collections_skeleton:

Creating a collection skeleton
------------------------------

To start a new collection:

.. code-block:: bash

    collection_dir#> ansible-galaxy collection init my_namespace.my_collection

Then you can populate the directories with the content you want inside the collection. See
https://github.com/bcoca/collection to get a better idea of what you can place inside a collection.


.. _docfragments_collections:

Using documentation fragments in collections
--------------------------------------------

To include documentation fragments in your collection:

#. Create the documentation fragment: ``plugins/doc_fragments/fragment_name``.

#. Refer to the documentation fragment with its FQCN.

.. code-block:: yaml

   extends_documentation_fragment:
     - community.kubernetes.k8s_name_options
     - community.kubernetes.k8s_auth_options
     - community.kubernetes.k8s_resource_options
     - community.kubernetes.k8s_scale_options

:ref:`module_docs_fragments` covers the basics for documentation fragments. The `kubernetes <https://github.com/ansible-collections/kubernetes>`_ collection includes a complete example.

You can also share documentation fragments across collections with the FQCN.

.. _building_collections:

Building collections
--------------------

To build a collection, run ``ansible-galaxy collection build`` from inside the root directory of the collection:

.. code-block:: bash

    collection_dir#> ansible-galaxy collection build

This creates a tarball of the built collection in the current directory which can be uploaded to Galaxy.::

    my_collection/
    ├── galaxy.yml
    ├── ...
    ├── my_namespace-my_collection-1.0.0.tar.gz
    └── ...


.. note::
    * Certain files and folders are excluded when building the collection artifact. See :ref:`ignoring_files_and_folders_collections`  to exclude other files you would not wish to distribute.
    * If you used the now-deprecated ``Mazer`` tool for any of your collections, delete any and all files it added to your :file:`releases/` directory before you build your collection with ``ansible-galaxy``.
    * The current Galaxy maximum tarball size is 2 MB.


This tarball is mainly intended to upload to Galaxy
as a distribution method, but you can use it directly to install the collection on target systems.

.. _ignoring_files_and_folders_collections:

Ignoring files and folders
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

By default the build step will include all the files in the collection directory in the final build artifact except for the following:

* ``galaxy.yml``
* ``*.pyc``
* ``*.retry``
* ``tests/output``
* previously built artifacts in the root directory
* Various version control directories like ``.git/``

To exclude other files and folders when building the collection, you can set a list of file glob-like patterns in the
``build_ignore`` key in the collection's ``galaxy.yml`` file. These patterns use the following special characters for
wildcard matching:

* ``*``: Matches everything
* ``?``: Matches any single character
* ``[seq]``: Matches and character in seq
* ``[!seq]``:Matches any character not in seq

For example, if you wanted to exclude the :file:`sensitive` folder within the ``playbooks`` folder as well any ``.tar.gz`` archives you
can set the following in your ``galaxy.yml`` file:

.. code-block:: yaml

     build_ignore:
     - playbooks/sensitive
     - '*.tar.gz'

.. note::
     This feature is only supported when running ``ansible-galaxy collection build`` with Ansible 2.10 or newer.


.. _trying_collection_locally:

Trying collections locally
--------------------------

You can try your collection locally by installing it from the tarball. The following will enable an adjacent playbook to
access the collection:

.. code-block:: bash

   ansible-galaxy collection install my_namespace-my_collection-1.0.0.tar.gz -p ./collections


You should use one of the values configured in :ref:`COLLECTIONS_PATHS` for your path. This is also where Ansible itself will
expect to find collections when attempting to use them. If you don't specify a path value, ``ansible-galaxy collection install``
installs the collection in the first path defined in :ref:`COLLECTIONS_PATHS`, which by default is ``~/.ansible/collections``.

Next, try using the local collection inside a playbook. For examples and more details see :ref:`Using collections <using_collections>`

.. _publishing_collections:

Publishing collections
----------------------

You can publish collections to Galaxy using the ``ansible-galaxy collection publish`` command or the Galaxy UI itself. You need a namespace on Galaxy to upload your collection. See `Galaxy namespaces <https://galaxy.ansible.com/docs/contributing/namespaces.html#galaxy-namespaces>`_ on the Galaxy docsite for details.

.. note:: Once you upload a version of a collection, you cannot delete or modify that version. Ensure that everything looks okay before you upload it.

.. _galaxy_get_token:

Getting your API token
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

To upload your collection to Galaxy, you must first obtain an API token (``--token`` in the ``ansible-galaxy`` CLI command or ``token`` in the :file:`ansible.cfg` file under the ``galaxy_server`` section). The API token is a secret token used to protect your content.

To get your API token:

* For Galaxy, go to the `Galaxy profile preferences <https://galaxy.ansible.com/me/preferences>`_ page and click :guilabel:`API Key`.
* For Automation Hub, go to https://cloud.redhat.com/ansible/automation-hub/token/ and click :guilabel:`Load token` from the version dropdown.

Storing or using your API token
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Once you have retrieved your API token, you can store or use the token for collections in two ways:

* Pass the token to  the ``ansible-galaxy`` command using the ``--token``.
* Specify the token within a Galaxy server list in your :file:`ansible.cfg` file.

Using the ``token`` argument
............................

You can use the ``--token`` argument with the ``ansible-galaxy`` command (in conjunction with the ``--server`` argument or :ref:`GALAXY_SERVER` setting in your :file:`ansible.cfg` file). You cannot use ``apt-key`` with any servers defined in your :ref:`Galaxy server list <galaxy_server_config>`.

.. code-block:: bash

    ansible-galaxy collection publish ./geerlingguy-collection-1.2.3.tar.gz --token=<key goes here>


Specify the token within a Galaxy server list
.............................................

With this option, you configure one or more servers for Galaxy in your :file:`ansible.cfg` file under the ``galaxy_server_list`` section. For each server, you also configure the token.


.. code-block:: ini

   [galaxy]
   server_list = release_galaxy

   [galaxy_server.release_galaxy]
   url=https://galaxy.ansible.com/
   token=my_token

See :ref:`galaxy_server_config` for complete details.

.. _upload_collection_ansible_galaxy:

Upload using ansible-galaxy
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. note::
  By default, ``ansible-galaxy`` uses https://galaxy.ansible.com as the Galaxy server (as listed in the :file:`ansible.cfg` file under :ref:`galaxy_server`). If you are only publishing your collection to Ansible Galaxy, you do not need any further configuration. If you are using Red Hat Automation Hub or any other Galaxy server, see :ref:`Configuring the ansible-galaxy client <galaxy_server_config>`.

To upload the collection artifact with the ``ansible-galaxy`` command:

.. code-block:: bash

     ansible-galaxy collection publish path/to/my_namespace-my_collection-1.0.0.tar.gz

.. note::

	The above command assumes you have retrieved and stored your API token as part of a Galaxy server list. See :ref:`galaxy_get_token` for details.

The ``ansible-galaxy collection publish`` command triggers an import process, just as if you uploaded the collection through the Galaxy website.
The command waits until the import process completes before reporting the status back. If you wish to continue
without waiting for the import result, use the ``--no-wait`` argument and manually look at the import progress in your
`My Imports <https://galaxy.ansible.com/my-imports/>`_ page.


.. _upload_collection_galaxy:

Upload a collection from the Galaxy website
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

To upload your collection artifact directly on Galaxy:

#. Go to the `My Content <https://galaxy.ansible.com/my-content/namespaces>`_ page, and click the **Add Content** button on one of your namespaces.
#. From the **Add Content** dialogue, click **Upload New Collection**, and select the collection archive file from your local filesystem.

When uploading collections it doesn't matter which namespace you select. The collection will be uploaded to the
namespace specified in the collection metadata in the ``galaxy.yml`` file. If you're not an owner of the
namespace, the upload request will fail.

Once Galaxy uploads and accepts a collection, you will be redirected to the **My Imports** page, which displays output from the
import process, including any errors or warnings about the metadata and content contained in the collection.

.. _collection_versions:

Collection versions
-------------------

Once you upload a version of a collection, you cannot delete or modify that version. Ensure that everything looks okay before
uploading. The only way to change a collection is to release a new version. The latest version of a collection (by highest version number)
will be the version displayed everywhere in Galaxy; however, users will still be able to download older versions.

Collection versions use `Semantic Versioning <https://semver.org/>`_ for version numbers. Please read the official documentation for details and examples. In summary:

* Increment major (for example: x in `x.y.z`) version number for an incompatible API change.
* Increment minor (for example: y in `x.y.z`) version number for new functionality in a backwards compatible manner.
* Increment patch (for example: z in `x.y.z`) version number for backwards compatible bug fixes.

.. _migrate_to_collection:

Migrating Ansible content to a collection
=========================================

You can experiment with migrating existing modules into a collection using the `content_collector tool <https://github.com/ansible/content_collector>`_. The ``content_collector`` is a playbook that helps you migrate content from an Ansible distribution into a collection.

.. warning::

	This tool is in active development and is provided only for experimentation and feedback at this point.

See the `content_collector README <https://github.com/ansible/content_collector>`_ for full details and usage guidelines.

.. seealso::

   :ref:`collections`
       Learn how to install and use collections.
   :ref:`collections_galaxy_meta`
       Understand the collections metadata structure.
   :ref:`developing_modules_general`
       Learn about how to write Ansible modules
   `Mailing List <https://groups.google.com/group/ansible-devel>`_
       The development mailing list
   `irc.freenode.net <http://irc.freenode.net>`_
       #ansible IRC chat channel