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< li > < a class = "reference internal" href = "#parallelism-and-shell-commands" > Parallelism and Shell Commands< / a > < / li >
< li > < a class = "reference internal" href = "#file-transfer-templating" > File Transfer & Templating< / a > < / li >
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< div class = "section" id = "command-line" >
< h1 > Command Line< a class = "headerlink" href = "#command-line" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h1 >
< p > The following examples show how to use < cite > /usr/bin/ansible< / cite > for running
ad hoc tasks. Start here.< / p >
< p > For configuration management and deployments, you’ ll want to pick up on
using < cite > /usr/bin/ansible-playbook< / cite > – the concepts port over directly.
(See < a class = "reference internal" href = "playbooks.html" > < em > Playbooks< / em > < / a > for more information about those)< / p >
< div class = "section" id = "parallelism-and-shell-commands" >
< h2 > Parallelism and Shell Commands< a class = "headerlink" href = "#parallelism-and-shell-commands" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Let’ s use ansible’ s command line tool to reboot all web servers in Atlanta, 10 at a time. First, let’ s
set up SSH-agent so it can remember our credentials:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ssh-agent bash
< span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > If you don’ t want to use ssh-agent and want to instead SSH with a
password instead of keys, you can with < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --ask-pass< / span > < / tt > (< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -k< / span > < / tt > ), but
it’ s much better to just use ssh-agent.< / p >
< p > Now to run the command on all servers in a group, in this case,
< em > atlanta< / em > , in 10 parallel forks:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible atlanta -a < span class = "s2" > " /sbin/reboot" < / span > -f 10
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > In 0.7 and later, this will default to running from your user account. If you do not like this
behavior, pass in “ -u username” . (In 0.6 and before, it defaulted to root. Most folks prefered
defaulting to the current user, so we changed it).< / p >
< p > If you want to run commands as a different user, it looks like this:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible atlanta -a < span class = "s2" > " /usr/bin/foo" < / span > -u username
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > If you want to run commands through sudo:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible atlanta -a < span class = "s2" > " /usr/bin/foo" < / span > -u username --sudo < span class = "o" > [< / span > --ask-sudo-pass< span class = "o" > ]< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Use < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --ask-sudo-pass< / span > < / tt > (< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -K< / span > < / tt > ) if you are not using passwordless
sudo. This will interactively prompt you for the password to use.
Use of passwordless sudo makes things easier to automate, but it’ s not
required.< / p >
< p > It is also possible to sudo to a user other than root using
< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --sudo-user< / span > < / tt > (< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -U< / span > < / tt > ):< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible atlanta -a < span class = "s2" > " /usr/bin/foo" < / span > -u username -U otheruser < span class = "o" > [< / span > --ask-sudo-pass< span class = "o" > ]< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Ok, so those are basics. If you didn’ t read about patterns and groups yet, go back and read < a class = "reference internal" href = "patterns.html" > < em > Inventory & Patterns< / em > < / a > .< / p >
< p > The < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -f< / span > < span class = "pre" > 10< / span > < / tt > in the above specifies the usage of 10 simultaneous
processes. Normally commands also take a < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -m< / span > < / tt > for module name, but
the default module name is < a class = "reference internal" href = "modules.html#command" > < em > command< / em > < / a > , so we didn’ t need to
specify that all of the time. We’ ll use < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -m< / span > < / tt > in later examples to
run some other < a class = "reference internal" href = "modules.html" > < em > Ansible Modules< / em > < / a > .< / p >
< div class = "admonition note" >
< p class = "first admonition-title" > Note< / p >
< p class = "last" > The < a class = "reference internal" href = "modules.html#command" > < em > command< / em > < / a > module requires absolute paths and does not
support shell variables. If we want to execute a module using a
shell, we can do those things, and also use pipe and redirection
operators. Read more about the differences on the < a class = "reference internal" href = "modules.html" > < em > Ansible Modules< / em > < / a >
page.< / p >
< / div >
< p > Using the < a class = "reference internal" href = "modules.html#shell" > < em > shell< / em > < / a > module looks like this:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible raleigh -m shell -a < span class = "s1" > ' echo $TERM' < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > When running any command with the ansible < em > ad hoc< / em > CLI (as opposed to
< a class = "reference internal" href = "playbooks.html" > < em > Playbooks< / em > < / a > ), pay particular attention to shell quoting rules, so
the shell doesn’ t eat a variable before it gets passed to Ansible.
For example, using double vs single quotes in the above example would
evaluate the variable on the box you were on.< / p >
< p > So far we’ ve been demoing simple command execution, but most Ansible modules usually do not work like
simple scripts. They make the remote system look like you state, and run the commands necessary to
get it there. This is commonly referred to as ‘ idempotence’ , and is a core design goal of ansible.
However, we also recognize that running < em > ad hoc< / em > commands is equally important, so Ansible easily supports both.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "file-transfer-templating" >
< h2 > File Transfer & Templating< a class = "headerlink" href = "#file-transfer-templating" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Here’ s another use case for the < cite > /usr/bin/ansible< / cite > command line.< / p >
< p > Ansible can SCP lots of files to multiple machines in parallel, and
optionally use them as template sources.< / p >
< p > To transfer a file directly to many different servers:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible atlanta -m copy -a < span class = "s2" > " src=/etc/hosts dest=/tmp/hosts" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > If you use playbooks, you can also take advantage of the template module,
which takes this another step further.< / p >
< p > The < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > file< / span > < / tt > module allows changing ownership and permissions on files. These
same options can be passed directly to the < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > copy< / span > < / tt > or < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > template< / span > < / tt > modules as well:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers -m file -a < span class = "s2" > " dest=/srv/foo/a.txt mode=600" < / span >
< span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers -m file -a < span class = "s2" > " dest=/srv/foo/b.txt mode=600 owner=mdehaan group=mdehaan" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > The < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > file< / span > < / tt > module can also create directories, similar to < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > mkdir< / span > < span class = "pre" > -p< / span > < / tt > :< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers -m file -a < span class = "s2" > " dest=/path/to/c mode=644 owner=mdehaan group=mdehaan state=directory" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > As well as delete directories (recursively) and delete files:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers -m file -a < span class = "s2" > " dest=/path/to/c state=absent" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > The mode, owner, and group arguments can also be used on the copy or template lines.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "managing-packages" >
< h2 > Managing Packages< a class = "headerlink" href = "#managing-packages" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > There are modules available for yum and apt. Here are some examples
with < a class = "reference internal" href = "modules.html#yum" > < em > yum< / em > < / a > .< / p >
< p > Ensure a package is installed, but don’ t update it:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers -m yum -a < span class = "s2" > " pkg=acme state=installed" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Ensure a package is installed to a specific version:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers -m yum -a < span class = "s2" > " pkg=acme-1.5 state=installed" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Ensure a package is at the latest version:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers -m yum -a < span class = "s2" > " pkg=acme state=latest" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Ensure a package is not installed:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers -m yum -a < span class = "s2" > " pkg=acme state=removed" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Currently Ansible only has modules for managing packages with yum and apt. You can install
for other packages for now using the command module or (better!) contribute a module
for other package managers. Stop by the mailing list for info/details.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "users-and-groups" >
< h2 > Users and Groups< a class = "headerlink" href = "#users-and-groups" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > The < a class = "reference internal" href = "modules.html#user" > < em > user< / em > < / a > module allows easy creation and manipulation of
existing user accounts, as well as removal of user accounts that may
exist:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible all -m user -a < span class = "s2" > " name=foo password=< crypted password here> " < / span >
< span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible all -m user -a < span class = "s2" > " name=foo state=absent" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > See the < a class = "reference internal" href = "modules.html" > < em > Ansible Modules< / em > < / a > section for details on all of the available options, including
how to manipulate groups and group membership.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "deploying-from-source-control" >
< h2 > Deploying From Source Control< a class = "headerlink" href = "#deploying-from-source-control" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Deploy your webapp straight from git:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers -m git -a < span class = "s2" > " repo=git://foo.example.org/repo.git dest=/srv/myapp version=HEAD" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Since ansible modules can notify change handlers it is possible to
tell ansible to run specific tasks when the code is updated, such as
deploying Perl/Python/PHP/Ruby directly from git and then restarting
apache.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "managing-services" >
< h2 > Managing Services< a class = "headerlink" href = "#managing-services" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Ensure a service is started on all webservers:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers -m service -a < span class = "s2" > " name=httpd state=started" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Alternatively, restart a service on all webservers:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers -m service -a < span class = "s2" > " name=httpd state=restarted" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Ensure a service is stopped:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers -m service -a < span class = "s2" > " name=httpd state=stopped" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "time-limited-background-operations" >
< h2 > Time Limited Background Operations< a class = "headerlink" href = "#time-limited-background-operations" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Long running operations can be backgrounded, and their status can be
checked on later. The same job ID is given to the same task on all
hosts, so you won’ t lose track. If you kick hosts and don’ t want
to poll, it looks like this:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible all -B 3600 -a < span class = "s2" > " /usr/bin/long_running_operation --do-stuff" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > If you do decide you want to check on the job status later, you can:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible all -m async_status -a < span class = "s2" > " jid=123456789" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Polling is built-in and looks like this:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible all -B 1800 -P 60 -a < span class = "s2" > " /usr/bin/long_running_operation --do-stuff" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > The above example says “ run for 30 minutes max (< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -B< / span > < / tt > : 30*60=1800),
poll for status (< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -P< / span > < / tt > ) every 60 seconds” .< / p >
< p > Poll mode is smart so all jobs will be started before polling will begin on any machine.
Be sure to use a high enough < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --forks< / span > < / tt > value if you want to get all of your jobs started
very quickly. After the time limit (in seconds) runs out (< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -B< / span > < / tt > ), the process on
the remote nodes will be terminated.< / p >
< p > Any module other than < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > copy< / span > < / tt > or < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > template< / span > < / tt > can be
backgrounded. Typically you’ ll be backgrounding long-running
shell commands or software upgrades only. < a class = "reference internal" href = "playbooks.html" > < em > Playbooks< / em > < / a > also support polling, and have
a simplified syntax for this.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "limiting-selected-hosts" >
< h2 > Limiting Selected Hosts< a class = "headerlink" href = "#limiting-selected-hosts" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p class = "versionadded" >
< span class = "versionmodified" > New in version 0.7.< / span > < / p >
< p > What hosts you select to manage can be additionally constrained by using the ‘ – limit’ parameter or
by using ‘ batch’ (or ‘ range’ ) selectors.< / p >
< p > As mentioned above, patterns can be strung together to select hosts in more than one group:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers:dbservers -m < span class = "nb" > command< / span > -a < span class = "s2" > " /bin/foo xyz" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > This is an “ or” condition. If you want to further constrain the selection, use – limit, which
also works with < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > ansible-playbook< / span > < / tt > :< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers:dbservers -m < span class = "nb" > command< / span > -a < span class = "s2" > " /bin/foo xyz" < / span > region
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Now let’ s talk about range selection. Suppose you have 1000 servers in group ‘ datacenter’ , but only want to target one at a time. This is also easy:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-bash" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers< span class = "o" > [< / span > 0-99< span class = "o" > ]< / span > -m < span class = "nb" > command< / span > -a < span class = "s2" > " /bin/foo xyz" < / span >
< span class = "nv" > $ < / span > ansible webservers< span class = "o" > [< / span > 100-199< span class = "o" > ]< / span > -m < span class = "nb" > command< / span > -a < span class = "s2" > " /bin/foo xyz" < / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > This will select the first 100, then the second 100, host entries in the webservers group. (It does not matter
what their names or IP addresses are).< / p >
< p > Both of these methods can be used at the same time, and ranges can also be passed to the – limit parameter.< / p >
< div class = "admonition-see-also admonition seealso" >
< p class = "first admonition-title" > See also< / p >
< dl class = "last docutils" >
< dt > < a class = "reference internal" href = "modules.html" > < em > Ansible Modules< / em > < / a > < / dt >
< dd > A list of available modules< / dd >
< dt > < a class = "reference internal" href = "playbooks.html" > < em > Playbooks< / em > < / a > < / dt >
< dd > Using ansible for configuration management & deployment< / dd >
< dt > < a class = "reference external" href = "http://groups.google.com/group/ansible-project" > Mailing List< / a > < / dt >
< dd > Questions? Help? Ideas? Stop by the list on Google Groups< / dd >
< dt > < a class = "reference external" href = "http://irc.freenode.net" > irc.freenode.net< / a > < / dt >
< dd > #ansible IRC chat channel< / dd >
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